Lubombo Biosphere Reserve
IUCN Not ApplicableUNESCO-MAB Biosphere Reserve · 2019
2 478 km²
District · swz
Lubombo
Swaziland
BShArid, steppe, hot(79 %)
Species observed
3 764
Observations
177 274
Area
5 851,5km²
Ecological tissue
Sample of 13 species (selected proportionally per kingdom among those with at least one documented interaction here) to keep the graph readable. Hover for details, click to explore the full ecosystem of a species.
ℹ️ The territory contains many more species than displayed and all their documented interactions: the graph is intentionally the structural skeleton (top-N species by composite local score, edges filtered by Serrano 2009 disparity filter α=0.2).
RègnesAnimalPlanteChampignonBacterie
RelationsPredationParasitismeSymbiosePollinisation
StatutEn dangerVulnérableProtégéeEndémique
Indicateurs du tissu écologique
Tissu écologique de Lubombo : 12 espèces reliées par 9 interactions GloBI sur 3 types (connectance 11.5%, filtre Serrano α=0.2). 1 bulle taxonomique (cascade genre/famille GloBI, ≥3 espèces).
Espèces affichées
13
Interactions affichées
9
Connectance
0.115
Patrimoniales
0
Plus dense que (national)0 %(top 100%)
Comparaison sur la connectance du réseau local complet vs distribution nationale (toutes les communes françaises).
Species present
3 764 distinct species · 177 274 observations
Source: GBIF Occurrence snapshot 2026-05-01.
Climate
Mean T°
21,6°C
Annual rain
710mm
Warmest m°
29,8°C
Coldest m°
10,7°C
Elevation: 307 m on average (min 87 m, max 892 m)
Bioclimatic details19 BIO + Köppen full + altitude statsExpert
Annual mean temp.
21,6°C
Annual rain
710mm
Warmest month
29,8°C
Coldest month
10,7°C
Mean alt.
307m
Min
87m
Max
892m
Std. dev.
119m
Köppen-Geiger (dominant)
BShArid, steppe, hot(79 %)Arid
CHELSA BIO 1-19 v2.1 · ETOPO DEM 60s · Köppen-Geiger 1991-2020 (Beck et al. 2018)
Soil & lithology
pH H₂O
6,3
Org. C
17,1g/kg
Clay
34,9%
Sand
43,9%
Silt
21,2%
Average over 0-30 cm. Per-depth details in expert panel.
3 soil depths detailed0-5cm / 5-15cm / 15-30cm × 5 propsExpert
0–5 cm
pH H₂O
6,3
Org. C
21,9g/kg
Clay
33,5%
Sand
44,8%
Silt
21,7%
5–15 cm
pH H₂O
6,3
Org. C
17,1g/kg
Clay
33,7%
Sand
44,8%
Silt
21,4%
15–30 cm
pH H₂O
6,3
Org. C
12,2g/kg
Clay
37,4%
Sand
42,2%
Silt
20,4%
SoilGrids 250m (ISRIC, 2017) · GLiM v1.0 (Hartmann & Moosdorf 2012)
Land cover
Forest28.9%
Crops25.8%
Built-up0.4%
Bare soil0.3%
Other (grassland, water…)44.6%
Copernicus Global Land Cover 100m (Buchhorn et al. 2020)
Hydrology14 basins · 13 lakes · 30 rivers
Hydrology metrics for this exact territory
Stream length here
786,2km
Lake surface here
13,73km²
Basins crossed
14
Max stream order
5
Max drainage
16 768km²
Discharge in basins
162,9m³/s
Mean precip.
715mm/an
Mean T°
21,3°C
Moisture idx
-0,53
Mean runoff
146mm/an
Mean elev. (basins)
346m
Watersheds crossing here
- Bassin de Lower Usuthusub-area2 186,9 km²overlap1532.24 km²26%
- Bassin de Lusutfusub-area1 276,5 km²overlap926.13 km²16%
- Bassin de Mhlathuze Riversub-area836,4 km²overlap624.95 km²11%
- Bassin de Mbuluzanesub-area1 025,9 km²overlap479.32 km²8%
- Bassin de Rio Tembesub-area2 724,6 km²overlap470.04 km²8%
- Bassin de Mbuluzi Riversub-area1 251 km²overlap386.55 km²7%
- Bassin de Mlawulasub-area320,8 km²overlap320.17 km²5%
- Bassin de Ngwavumasub-area2 120,2 km²overlap287.79 km²5%
- Bassin de Mbuluzanesub-area304,3 km²overlap277.83 km²5%
5 more basinssorted by overlap
Lakes (13, top by area)
- Mnjoli Damarea14,3 km²avg depth10.7 m
- Sand River Reservoirarea6,1 km²avg depth8.2 m
- Van Eck Damarea1,2 km²avg depth8.5 m
- Sivunga Damarea1 km²avg depth5.9 m
- Lac 1419544area0,8 km²avg depth8.8 m
- Lac 1419855area0,5 km²avg depth3.3 m
- Lac 1419844area0,4 km²avg depth2.2 m
- Lac 1419449area0,4 km²avg depth3.0 m
- Lac 1419824area0,4 km²avg depth2.0 m
Rivers / streams (30, ord ≥ 4)
- Lusutfuord 5len here79.01 km60%total133 km
- Mbuluzaneord 4len here69.43 km59%total117 km
- Mhlathuze Riverord 3len here67.96 km100%total68 km
- Ngwavumaord 4len here56.37 km29%total197 km
- Mzimpofuord 3len here54.37 km100%total54 km
- Mtsindzekwaord 3len here49.69 km100%total50 km
- Mlawulaord 4len here45.65 km100%total46 km
- Nhloyaord 3len here41.98 km93%total45 km
- Nyetaneord 3len here40.20 km100%total40 km
- Mhlathuzaneord 3len here36.52 km100%total37 km
- Lower Usuthuord 5len here36.04 km58%total62 km
- Mnyameord 2len here21.09 km93%total23 km
18 more river segmentssorted by Strahler order + length
- Nkumbaneord 2len here19.99 km100%total20 km
- Mtibhlatiord 2len here19.23 km96%total20 km
- Buklatsiord 2len here17.58 km100%total18 km
- Great Usutuord 5len here17.01 km100%total17 km
- Umfulangwenyaord 5len here12.63 km100%total13 km
- Rio Umbeluziord 4len here11.77 km17%total69 km
- Mbuluzi Riverord 3len here11.67 km7%total178 km
- Palataord 1len here11.55 km100%total12 km
- Manzimasundoord 1len here10.88 km100%total11 km
- Sigcaweniord 1len here8.39 km100%total8 km
- Golomeord 1len here7.87 km100%total8 km
- Komati Riverord 4len here7.84 km1%total724 km
- Rio Tumbulumundoord 1len here7.63 km34%total22 km
- Mkiwaord 1len here7.59 km100%total8 km
- Lubovane Feeder Canalord 2len here7.28 km100%total7 km
- Mzimphofuord 3len here6.27 km21%total29 km
- Ngwavuma Riverord 4len here2.42 km2%total117 km
- Palatiord 2len here0.25 km1%total25 km
Live spatial overlap (cached after first hit) · HydroBASINS lev08 × HydroLAKES × HydroRIVERS v10
Human pressure
Pop. density
0hab/km²
Night light
0,2nW
Built-up
42,6%
Pesticides
12,9kg/km²
GHSL POP/Built 2020 · VIIRS lumière nocturne · PEST-CHEMGRIDS 2020 (Maggi et al.)
Protected areas8
IUCN Not Applicable · 3IUCN II · 3IUCN Not Reported · 2
Hlane Royal National Park
IUCN IINational Park · 1967
217 km²
Mlawula Nature Reserve
IUCN IINature Reserve · 1977
161 km²
Mkhaya Game Reserve
IUCN IINature Reserve · 1985
100 km²
Shewula
IUCN Not ApplicableOECM · 2020
32 km²
Mhlosinga
IUCN Not ApplicableOECM · 2020
26 km²
Complete list8 protected areas
- Lubombo Biosphere ReserveUNESCO-MAB Biosphere ReserveIUCN Not Applicable20192 478 km²
- Hlane Royal National ParkNational ParkIUCN II1967217 km²
- Mlawula Nature ReserveNature ReserveIUCN II1977161 km²
- Mkhaya Game ReserveNature ReserveIUCN II1985100 km²
- ShewulaOECMIUCN Not Applicable202032 km²
- MhlosingaOECMIUCN Not Applicable202026 km²
- Sand River DamWetland of International Importance (Ramsar Site)IUCN Not Reported20138 km²
- Van Eck DamWetland of International Importance (Ramsar Site)IUCN Not Reported20132 km²
WDPA (World Database on Protected Areas) — UNEP-WCMC & IUCN