iSimangaliso Marine Protected Area
IUCN Not ReportedMarine Protected Area · 2019
10 711 km²
District Municipality · ZAF
Umkhanyakude
South Africa
BShArid, steppe, hot(46 %)
Species observed
10 924
Observations
1 284 567
Area
12 808,5km²
Ecological tissue
Sample of 11 species (selected proportionally per kingdom among those with at least one documented interaction here) to keep the graph readable. Hover for details, click to explore the full ecosystem of a species.
ℹ️ The territory contains many more species than displayed and all their documented interactions: the graph is intentionally the structural skeleton (top-N species by composite local score, edges filtered by Serrano 2009 disparity filter α=0.2).
RègnesAnimalPlanteChampignonBacterie
RelationsPredationParasitismeSymbiosePollinisation
StatutEn dangerVulnérableProtégéeEndémique
Indicateurs du tissu écologique
Tissu écologique de Umkhanyakude : 9 espèces reliées par 9 interactions GloBI sur 2 types (connectance 16.4%, filtre Serrano α=0.2). 2 bulles taxonomiques (cascade genre/famille GloBI, ≥3 espèces).
Espèces affichées
11
Interactions affichées
9
Connectance
0.164
Patrimoniales
0
Plus dense que (national)0 %(top 100%)
Comparaison sur la connectance du réseau local complet vs distribution nationale (toutes les communes françaises).
Species present
10 924 distinct species · 1 284 567 observations
Source: GBIF Occurrence snapshot 2026-05-01.
Climate
Mean T°
22,1°C
Annual rain
840mm
Warmest m°
29,1°C
Coldest m°
13,7°C
Elevation: 117 m on average (min -20 m, max 674 m)
Bioclimatic details19 BIO + Köppen full + altitude statsExpert
Annual mean temp.
22,1°C
Annual rain
840mm
Warmest month
29,1°C
Coldest month
13,7°C
Mean alt.
117m
Min
-20m
Max
674m
Std. dev.
123m
Köppen-Geiger (dominant)
BShArid, steppe, hot(46 %)Arid
CHELSA BIO 1-19 v2.1 · ETOPO DEM 60s · Köppen-Geiger 1991-2020 (Beck et al. 2018)
Soil & lithology
pH H₂O
6,2
Org. C
21,0g/kg
Clay
28,3%
Sand
53,6%
Silt
18,1%
Average over 0-30 cm. Per-depth details in expert panel.
Dominant lithology: ssGLiM
3 soil depths detailed0-5cm / 5-15cm / 15-30cm × 5 propsExpert
0–5 cm
pH H₂O
6,2
Org. C
28,5g/kg
Clay
27,4%
Sand
54,2%
Silt
18,4%
5–15 cm
pH H₂O
6,2
Org. C
19,4g/kg
Clay
27,5%
Sand
54,3%
Silt
18,2%
15–30 cm
pH H₂O
6,2
Org. C
15,0g/kg
Clay
30,0%
Sand
52,2%
Silt
17,8%
SoilGrids 250m (ISRIC, 2017) · GLiM v1.0 (Hartmann & Moosdorf 2012)
Land cover
Forest33.0%
Crops17.0%
Built-up0.6%
Bare soil0.8%
Other (grassland, water…)48.7%
Copernicus Global Land Cover 100m (Buchhorn et al. 2020)
Hydrology21 basins · 50 lakes · 27 rivers
Hydrology metrics for this exact territory
Stream length here
1 233,3km
Lake surface here
477,10km²
Basins crossed
21
Max stream order
5
Max drainage
30 280km²
Discharge in basins
306,4m³/s
Mean precip.
822mm/an
Mean T°
21,5°C
Moisture idx
-0,43
Mean runoff
168mm/an
Mean elev. (basins)
160m
Watersheds crossing here
- Bassin de Hluhluwesub-area2 720,4 km²overlap2614.95 km²20%
- Bassin de Pongolosub-area1 970,3 km²overlap1691.24 km²13%
- Bassin de Mselenisub-area2 458,3 km²overlap1571.70 km²12%
- Bassin de Mkuze Riversub-area1 296,5 km²overlap1294.47 km²10%
- Basin #12830sub-area2 169,8 km²overlap1099.59 km²9%
- Bassin de Umsumdusisub-area1 193,3 km²overlap805.96 km²6%
- Bassin de Ngwavumasub-area2 120,2 km²overlap633.55 km²5%
- Bassin de Hluhluwesub-area556,5 km²overlap555.59 km²4%
- Bassin de Mfolozi Riversub-area1 199,3 km²overlap520.46 km²4%
12 more basinssorted by overlap
- Bassin de Mkuze Riversub-area1 046,4 km²overlap433.65 km²3%
- Bassin de Mkuze Riversub-area422,6 km²overlap421.94 km²3%
- Bassin de Black Umfolozisub-area3 548,8 km²overlap371.69 km²3%
- Bassin de White Mfolozi Riversub-area1 506,8 km²overlap264.59 km²2%
- Bassin de Pongolosub-area191,5 km²overlap190.14 km²1%
- Bassin de Lusutfusub-area1 276,5 km²overlap161.41 km²1%
- Bassin de Rio Maputosub-area133,4 km²overlap59.56 km²0%
- Bassin de Mkuze Riversub-area47 km²overlap46.92 km²0%
- Bassin de Rio Maputosub-area842 km²overlap44.69 km²0%
- Bassin de Msuzwanenisub-area385 km²overlap19.83 km²0%
- Basin #12950sub-area395,5 km²overlap5.36 km²0%
- Basin #12930sub-area1,7 km²overlap1.24 km²0%
Lakes (50, top by area)
- St. Luciaarea321,9 km²avg depth16.3 m
- Pongolapoortdamarea128,9 km²avg depth19.4 m
- Sibayiarea61,3 km²avg depth11.5 m
- Kosimeerarea30,5 km²avg depth13.8 m
- Neshearea4,4 km²avg depth3.8 m
- Tetenyanearea4,3 km²avg depth2.0 m
- Lake #83589area3,7 km²avg depth1.7 m
- Mthikeniarea3,6 km²avg depth1.4 m
- Nomaneniarea3 km²avg depth1.9 m
41 more lakes
- Lake Bhangaziarea2,9 km²avg depth7.9 m
- Hluhluwe Damarea2,3 km²avg depth12.3 m
- Cezwanaarea2,3 km²avg depth2.8 m
- Lake #83545area2,2 km²avg depth1.7 m
- Mandlankunziarea2 km²avg depth1.6 m
- Banziarea1,9 km²avg depth2.4 m
- Nsumuarea1,8 km²avg depth1.4 m
- Bhangaziarea1,5 km²avg depth3.8 m
- Lake #83468area1,4 km²avg depth1.3 m
- Sivunguvunguarea1,4 km²avg depth1.5 m
- aManzamnyamaarea1,3 km²avg depth4.3 m
- KuShengezaarea1,3 km²avg depth2.4 m
- Qothoarea1,3 km²avg depth2.6 m
- Sokhuntiarea1,1 km²avg depth2.1 m
- Lake #83455area1,1 km²avg depth2.6 m
- Lac 1419739area1 km²avg depth3.0 m
- Lac 1419888area1 km²avg depth2.2 m
- Lac 1420040area0,8 km²avg depth2.5 m
- Lac 1420170area0,8 km²avg depth4.7 m
- Lac 1419719area0,7 km²avg depth4.1 m
- Lac 1419863area0,7 km²avg depth3.4 m
- Lac 1419973area0,7 km²avg depth3.0 m
- Lac 1419835area0,6 km²avg depth3.8 m
- Lac 1420306area0,6 km²avg depth3.7 m
- Lac 1419899area0,6 km²avg depth2.2 m
- Lac 1420576area0,5 km²avg depth3.8 m
- Lac 1420598area0,5 km²avg depth1.1 m
- Lac 1420303area0,5 km²avg depth1.7 m
- Lac 1419953area0,5 km²avg depth1.8 m
- Lac 1421072area0,5 km²avg depth4.6 m
- Lac 1420311area0,5 km²avg depth2.4 m
- Lac 1419935area0,4 km²avg depth1.5 m
- Lac 1419921area0,4 km²avg depth3.1 m
- Lac 1420325area0,4 km²avg depth1.7 m
- Lac 1420594area0,3 km²avg depth0.8 m
- Lac 1421091area0,3 km²avg depth5.1 m
- Lac 1420557area0,3 km²avg depth3.4 m
- Lac 1419880area0,3 km²avg depth1.9 m
- Lac 1420377area0,3 km²avg depth1.8 m
- Lac 1419895area0,3 km²avg depth2.0 m
- Lac 1420291area0,3 km²avg depth1.8 m
Rivers / streams (27, ord ≥ 4)
- Pongoloord 5len here177.03 km28%total638 km
- Hluhluweord 5len here164.79 km100%total165 km
- Ngwavuma Riverord 4len here114.84 km98%total117 km
- Mfolozi Riverord 5len here100.57 km86%total116 km
- Mkuze Riverord 4len here84.80 km21%total398 km
- Umsumdusiord 3len here72.93 km71%total103 km
- Black Umfoloziord 5len here66.70 km23%total296 km
- White Mfolozi Riverord 5len here65.27 km16%total408 km
- Nyalaziord 3len here57.85 km100%total58 km
- Nzimanaord 3len here43.15 km97%total44 km
- Hlazaneord 2len here33.99 km100%total34 km
- Mahwanganaord 3len here33.39 km100%total33 km
15 more river segmentssorted by Strahler order + length
- Lusutfuord 5len here29.09 km22%total133 km
- Nsumuord 2len here24.27 km100%total24 km
- Mseleniord 3len here22.59 km100%total23 km
- Munywanaord 2len here19.54 km100%total20 km
- Mhlosingaord 3len here19.28 km100%total19 km
- Mzineneord 4len here17.32 km100%total17 km
- Monaord 3len here16.01 km19%total82 km
- Mdunaord 2len here13.72 km100%total14 km
- Nhlonhlelaord 1len here12.17 km100%total12 km
- Mphafaord 1len here9.62 km100%total10 km
- Mpateord 3len here9.03 km100%total9 km
- Nyakazaord 1len here7.82 km100%total8 km
- Msunduziord 2len here7.22 km26%total28 km
- Predikantstroomord 1len here7.00 km100%total7 km
- Munywanaord 3len here3.32 km11%total30 km
Live spatial overlap (cached after first hit) · HydroBASINS lev08 × HydroLAKES × HydroRIVERS v10
Human pressure
Pop. density
0hab/km²
Night light
0,2nW
Built-up
56,1%
Pesticides
21,6kg/km²
GHSL POP/Built 2020 · VIIRS lumière nocturne · PEST-CHEMGRIDS 2020 (Maggi et al.)
Protected areas41
IUCN Not Reported · 34IUCN Not Applicable · 2IUCN II · 2IUCN IV · 2IUCN V · 1🌊 Marine · 12
Maputo
IUCN VEnvironmental Protection Area · 2019
5 732 km²
iSimangaliso Wetland Park – Maputo National Park
IUCN Not ApplicableWorld Heritage Site (natural or mixed) · 1999
3 977 km²
Lubombo Biosphere Reserve
IUCN Not ApplicableUNESCO-MAB Biosphere Reserve · 2019
2 478 km²
St. Lucia System
IUCN IIWetland of International Importance (Ramsar Site) · 1986
1 393 km²
Maputo
IUCN IISpecial Reserve · 1960
1 040 km²
Complete list41 protected areas
- iSimangaliso Marine Protected AreaMarine Protected AreaIUCN Not Reported201910 711 km²
- MaputoEnvironmental Protection AreaIUCN V20195 732 km²
- iSimangaliso Wetland Park – Maputo National ParkWorld Heritage Site (natural or mixed)IUCN Not Applicable19993 977 km²
- Lubombo Biosphere ReserveUNESCO-MAB Biosphere ReserveIUCN Not Applicable20192 478 km²
- St. Lucia SystemWetland of International Importance (Ramsar Site)IUCN II19861 393 km²
- MaputoSpecial ReserveIUCN II19601 040 km²
- Hluhluwe – iMfolozi ParkNature ReserveIUCN Not Reported2012895 km²
- Turtle Beaches/Coral Reefs of TongalandWetland of International Importance (Ramsar Site)IUCN Not Reported1986746 km²
- St. Lucia Marine ReserveNature ReserveIUCN Not Reported1979465 km²
- Umfolozi Game ReserveNature ReserveIUCN Not Reported1930445 km²
- St. Lucia Game ParkNature ReserveIUCN Not Reported1916378 km²
- Maputaland Marine ReserveNature ReserveIUCN Not Reported1987364 km²
- Mkuzi Game ReserveNature ReserveIUCN Not Reported1912333 km²
- Tembe Elephant ParkNature ReserveIUCN Not Reported1983299 km²
- Coastal Forest ReserveNature ReserveIUCN Not Reported1992261 km²
- Corridor Game ReserveNature ReserveIUCN Not Reported1989216 km²
- Mun-ya-wana ConservancyNature ReserveIUCN Not Reported2019204 km²
- Kosi BayWetland of International Importance (Ramsar Site)IUCN IV1991173 km²
- St. Lucia ParkNature ReserveIUCN Not Reported1939156 km²
- Hluhluwe Game ReserveNature ReserveIUCN Not Reported1912144 km²
- Ndumu Game ReserveNature ReserveIUCN Not Reported1939119 km²
- Ndumo Game ReserveWetland of International Importance (Ramsar Site)IUCN IV1997119 km²
- Pongola Nature ReserveNature ReserveIUCN Not Reported201990 km²
- Lake Sibayi Fresh Water ReserveNature ReserveIUCN Not Reported199472 km²
- Thanda Private Game ReserveNature ReserveIUCN Not Reported201571 km²
- Zimanga Private Nature ReserveNature ReserveIUCN Not Reported202362 km²
- Lake SibayaWetland of International Importance (Ramsar Site)IUCN Not Reported199160 km²
- Mduna Royal Game ReserveNature ReserveIUCN Not Reported201555 km²
- Manyoni Private Game ReserveNature ReserveIUCN Not Reported202131 km²
- Obuka Community Nature ReserveNature ReserveIUCN Not Reported201425 km²
- Sileza Nature ReserveNature ReserveIUCN Not Reported199221 km²
- Ubombo Mountain Nature ReserveNature ReserveIUCN Not Reported199218 km²
- Greater Ukuwela Nature ReserveNature ReserveIUCN Not Reported202114 km²
- Kube Yini Nature ReserveNature ReserveIUCN Not Reported202212 km²
- Hlathikulu Nature ReserveNature ReserveIUCN Not Reported198912 km²
- Mandlakazi Community Nature ReserveNature ReserveIUCN Not Reported201412 km²
- False Bay ParkNature ReserveIUCN Not Reported194412 km²
- Sodwana Bay National ParkNature ReserveIUCN Not Reported195012 km²
- Maphelane Nature ReserveForest Nature ReserveIUCN Not Reported198411 km²
- Empembeni Community Nature ReserveNature ReserveIUCN Not Reported20134 km²
- Manguzi Forest ReserveNature ReserveIUCN Not Reported19932 km²
WDPA (World Database on Protected Areas) — UNEP-WCMC & IUCN