Livradois-Forez
IUCN VRegional Nature Park · 1986
3 243 km²
Department · FRA
Loire
France
CfbTemperate, no dry season, warm summer(98 %)
Species observed
10 136
Observations
1 770 655
Area
4 806,4km²
Ecological tissue
Sample of 34 species (selected proportionally per kingdom among those with at least one documented interaction here) to keep the graph readable. Hover for details, click to explore the full ecosystem of a species.
ℹ️ The territory contains many more species than displayed and all their documented interactions: the graph is intentionally the structural skeleton (top-N species by composite local score, edges filtered by Serrano 2009 disparity filter α=0.2).
RègnesAnimalPlanteChampignonBacterie
RelationsPredationParasitismeSymbiosePollinisation
StatutEn dangerVulnérableProtégéeEndémique
Indicateurs du tissu écologique
Tissu écologique de Loire : 29 espèces + 5 bulles famille, 50 interactions GloBI documentées sur 7 types (connectance 8.9%, filtre Serrano α=0.2). Les 5 bulles regroupent des espèces visuellement absorbées par famille (≥3 espèces visibles).
Espèces affichées
34
Interactions affichées
50
Connectance
0.089
Patrimoniales
0
Plus dense que (national)0 %(top 100%)
Comparaison sur la connectance du réseau local complet vs distribution nationale (toutes les communes françaises).
Species present
10 136 distinct species · 1 770 655 observations
Source: GBIF Occurrence snapshot 2026-05-01.
Climate
Mean T°
10,2°C
Annual rain
962mm
Warmest m°
23,6°C
Coldest m°
-1,5°C
Elevation: 585 m on average (min 140 m, max 1 520 m)
Bioclimatic details19 BIO + Köppen full + altitude statsExpert
Annual mean temp.
10,2°C
Annual rain
962mm
Warmest month
23,6°C
Coldest month
-1,5°C
Mean alt.
585m
Min
140m
Max
1 520m
Std. dev.
245m
Köppen-Geiger (dominant)
CfbTemperate, no dry season, warm summer(98 %)Temperate
CHELSA BIO 1-19 v2.1 · ETOPO DEM 60s · Köppen-Geiger 1991-2020 (Beck et al. 2018)
Soil & lithology
pH H₂O
5,9
Org. C
39,8g/kg
Clay
22,4%
Sand
45,9%
Silt
31,7%
Average over 0-30 cm. Per-depth details in expert panel.
Dominant lithology: paGLiM
3 soil depths detailed0-5cm / 5-15cm / 15-30cm × 5 propsExpert
0–5 cm
pH H₂O
5,9
Org. C
60,6g/kg
Clay
21,7%
Sand
46,5%
Silt
31,8%
5–15 cm
pH H₂O
5,9
Org. C
36,3g/kg
Clay
21,7%
Sand
46,6%
Silt
31,8%
15–30 cm
pH H₂O
5,9
Org. C
22,4g/kg
Clay
23,8%
Sand
44,5%
Silt
31,7%
SoilGrids 250m (ISRIC, 2017) · GLiM v1.0 (Hartmann & Moosdorf 2012)
Land cover
Forest31.9%
Crops33.0%
Built-up1.5%
Bare soil0.7%
Other (grassland, water…)32.8%
Copernicus Global Land Cover 100m (Buchhorn et al. 2020)
Hydrology13 basins · 28 lakes · 100 rivers
Hydrology metrics for this exact territory
Stream length here
1 127,9km
Lake surface here
11,03km²
Basins crossed
13
Max stream order
7
Max drainage
51 669km²
Discharge in basins
280,3m³/s
Mean precip.
787mm/an
Mean T°
9,6°C
Moisture idx
-0,07
Max snow
21%
Mean runoff
297mm/an
Mean elev. (basins)
578m
Watersheds crossing here
- Bassin de la Loiresub-area1 880,6 km²overlap1425.21 km²30%
- Bassin de la Loiresub-area1 630,2 km²overlap1401.85 km²29%
- Bassin du Lignonsub-area691,4 km²overlap691.67 km²14%
- Bassin du Giersub-area425,1 km²overlap319.88 km²7%
- Bassin de la Loiresub-area653,4 km²overlap308.38 km²6%
- Bassin de la Cancesub-area390,4 km²overlap153.95 km²3%
- Bassin du Sorninsub-area509,9 km²overlap144.75 km²3%
- Bassin du Rhônesub-area1 215,5 km²overlap141.67 km²3%
- Bassin de l'Ancesub-area539,7 km²overlap114.93 km²2%
Lakes (28, top by area)
- Lac de Villerestarea4 km²avg depth34.5 m
- Lake #70654area2,3 km²avg depth25.1 m
- Lac 1355990area0,4 km²avg depth2.1 m
- Lac 1357731area0,3 km²avg depth2.0 m
- Lac 1355893area0,3 km²avg depth2.3 m
- Lac 1357105area0,3 km²avg depth1.7 m
- Lac 1358936area0,2 km²avg depth6.2 m
- Lac 1355815area0,2 km²avg depth2.3 m
- Lac 1357391area0,2 km²avg depth2.2 m
19 more lakes
- Lac 1357040area0,2 km²avg depth1.6 m
- Lac 1357236area0,2 km²avg depth1.8 m
- Lac 1357147area0,2 km²avg depth1.9 m
- Lac 1356399area0,2 km²avg depth5.8 m
- Lac 1357253area0,2 km²avg depth1.7 m
- Lac 1357418area0,2 km²avg depth1.6 m
- Lac 1358451area0,2 km²avg depth7.7 m
- Lac 1357424area0,1 km²avg depth1.8 m
- Lac 1358162area0,1 km²avg depth6.8 m
- Lac 1355913area0,1 km²avg depth8.5 m
- Lac 1358414area0,1 km²avg depth7.0 m
- Lac 1355671area0,1 km²avg depth2.0 m
- Lac 1357208area0,1 km²avg depth1.2 m
- Lac 1357320area0,1 km²avg depth1.8 m
- Lac 1357324area0,1 km²avg depth1.5 m
- Lac 1357406area0,1 km²avg depth2.0 m
- Lac 1357534area0,1 km²avg depth1.7 m
- Lac 1357629area0,1 km²avg depth1.3 m
- Lac 1357310area0,1 km²avg depth1.4 m
Rivers / streams (100, ord ≥ 4)
- La Loireord 7len here139.87 km14%total974 km
- Le Lignonord 3len here41.35 km39%total106 km
- L'Aixord 3len here32.98 km100%total33 km
- Le Furanord 2len here32.71 km100%total33 km
- La Mareord 3len here27.31 km100%total27 km
- La Loiseord 2len here26.53 km91%total29 km
- Le Bonsonord 4len here23.99 km100%total24 km
- Le Gierord 2len here23.52 km70%total34 km
- Le Renaisonord 2len here20.81 km100%total21 km
- Le Rhinsord 3len here20.10 km83%total24 km
- L'Isableord 2len here20.08 km100%total20 km
- La Coiseord 4len here19.35 km97%total20 km
88 more river segmentssorted by Strahler order + length
- La Teyssonneord 2len here19.15 km100%total19 km
- Sorninord 3len here18.06 km100%total18 km
- L'Onzonord 2len here17.18 km100%total17 km
- Le Tescheord 1len here16.42 km100%total16 km
- Le Boënord 2len here15.48 km100%total15 km
- Le Gandord 2len here15.41 km100%total15 km
- Le Trambouzanord 1len here15.23 km99%total15 km
- L'Andrableord 1len here15.12 km60%total25 km
- Le Lacord 2len here14.62 km100%total15 km
- L'Anzonord 3len here14.15 km100%total14 km
- Le Panissièresord 1len here14.09 km100%total14 km
- Le Pralongord 1len here13.19 km100%total13 km
- La Deûmeord 3len here12.35 km53%total24 km
- Le Bernandord 1len here11.93 km100%total12 km
- La Gimondord 2len here11.77 km100%total12 km
- La Semèneord 2len here11.71 km30%total38 km
- Le Dorlayord 1len here11.21 km100%total11 km
- Le Fillerinord 1len here11.04 km100%total11 km
- Le Volvonord 2len here10.95 km100%total11 km
- Ruisseau de Valinchesord 2len here10.95 km100%total11 km
- Canal de Roanne à Digoinord 2len here10.83 km42%total26 km
- L'Écoronord 1len here10.57 km100%total11 km
- Le Moingtord 1len here10.36 km100%total10 km
- Canal du Forezord 2len here10.28 km100%total10 km
- L'Urbiseord 2len here9.42 km70%total14 km
- Le Gantetord 1len here9.38 km100%total9 km
- L'Anzieuxord 1len here9.32 km100%total9 km
- Bieford 3len here9.15 km42%total22 km
- Goutte Bualièreord 1len here8.78 km100%total9 km
- Le Vizézyord 2len here8.42 km100%total8 km
- la Font d'Aixord 2len here7.98 km100%total8 km
- Le Champdieuord 1len here7.80 km100%total8 km
- Le Rhodonord 1len here7.78 km100%total8 km
- Bief de l'étang Césarord 1len here7.76 km100%total8 km
- Le Félinesord 2len here7.68 km100%total8 km
- Le Couzonord 1len here7.62 km100%total8 km
- La Vidrésonneord 1len here7.62 km100%total8 km
- le Grand Risord 2len here7.53 km100%total8 km
- Le Gourtarouord 4len here7.42 km100%total7 km
- Le Banord 1len here7.36 km100%total7 km
- Ruisseau de Bareilleord 1len here7.23 km100%total7 km
- Ruisseau de Chagnonord 1len here6.86 km100%total7 km
- Le Couzonord 2len here6.82 km42%total16 km
- Le Vizeryord 1len here6.77 km100%total7 km
- Le Chanassonord 1len here6.71 km100%total7 km
- L'Onsonord 2len here6.66 km100%total7 km
- Le Valchérieord 2len here6.58 km100%total7 km
- La Durèzeord 1len here6.51 km100%total7 km
- Le Rhôneord 7len here6.48 km1%total554 km
- Ruisseau du Pont Lyonnaisord 1len here6.17 km74%total8 km
- La Gueule d'Enferord 2len here6.17 km100%total6 km
- L'Échapreord 2len here6.04 km73%total8 km
- Le Revouteord 4len here5.99 km100%total6 km
- Le Garolletord 4len here5.91 km100%total6 km
- L'Ecuord 1len here5.86 km100%total6 km
- Le Batalonord 1len here5.85 km100%total6 km
- La Valencizeord 2len here5.78 km100%total6 km
- Le Bonsonnetord 1len here5.77 km100%total6 km
- Le Cotatayord 1len here5.69 km100%total6 km
- Le Janonord 1len here5.69 km100%total6 km
- L'Ecolèzeord 1len here5.53 km100%total6 km
- Le Bézoord 3len here5.50 km31%total18 km
- Le Botoretord 2len here5.42 km30%total18 km
- Ruisseau de la Pélaciteord 1len here5.35 km100%total5 km
- Ruisseau de Limonyord 1len here5.31 km45%total12 km
- Ruisseau du Bostord 1len here5.24 km100%total5 km
- Le Bardonord 1len here5.15 km100%total5 km
- Goutte de la Côteord 1len here5.03 km100%total5 km
- Le Ternayord 1len here4.87 km54%total9 km
- Le Riotetord 1len here4.81 km100%total5 km
- Le Marnantonord 2len here4.51 km53%total8 km
- le Banord 1len here4.44 km100%total4 km
- Goutte du Risord 1len here4.31 km39%total11 km
- La Goutte Marcelinord 2len here4.25 km100%total4 km
- Tavelord 1len here4.25 km100%total4 km
- La Ligonneord 2len here4.23 km36%total12 km
- L'Alvoizyord 2len here4.08 km47%total9 km
- La Gampilleord 1len here4.00 km95%total4 km
- Le Lignon de Jeansagnièreord 1len here3.94 km100%total4 km
- L'Argentalord 1len here3.91 km100%total4 km
- Ruisseau d'Aubègueord 2len here3.90 km100%total4 km
- Les Odibertsord 1len here3.74 km100%total4 km
- L'Égotayord 2len here3.71 km100%total4 km
- Le Marclusord 1len here3.15 km100%total3 km
- Le Coupord 4len here3.05 km100%total3 km
- Le Langonandord 1len here3.01 km100%total3 km
- ruisseau de la Bruyèreord 1len here2.99 km100%total3 km
- L'Avoineord 1len here2.95 km100%total3 km
Live spatial overlap (cached after first hit) · HydroBASINS lev08 × HydroLAKES × HydroRIVERS v10
Human pressure
Pop. density
1hab/km²
Night light
1,0nW
Built-up
148,6%
Pesticides
40,0kg/km²
GHSL POP/Built 2020 · VIIRS lumière nocturne · PEST-CHEMGRIDS 2020 (Maggi et al.)
Protected areas48
IUCN Not Reported · 28IUCN IV · 18IUCN V · 2
Pilat
IUCN VRegional Nature Park · 1974
754 km²
Gorges de la Loire
IUCN Not ReportedSpecial Protection Area (Birds Directive) · 2018
588 km²
Plaine du Forez
IUCN Not ReportedSpecial Protection Area (Birds Directive) · 2018
328 km²
Val de Loire bocager
IUCN Not ReportedSpecial Protection Area (Birds Directive) · 2021
196 km²
Val de Loire bocager
IUCN Not ReportedSpecial Areas of Conservation (Habitats Directive) · 2022
103 km²
Complete list48 protected areas
- Livradois-ForezRegional Nature ParkIUCN V19863 243 km²
- PilatRegional Nature ParkIUCN V1974754 km²
- Gorges de la LoireSpecial Protection Area (Birds Directive)IUCN Not Reported2018588 km²
- Plaine du ForezSpecial Protection Area (Birds Directive)IUCN Not Reported2018328 km²
- Val de Loire bocagerSpecial Protection Area (Birds Directive)IUCN Not Reported2021196 km²
- Val de Loire bocagerSpecial Areas of Conservation (Habitats Directive)IUCN Not Reported2022103 km²
- Gorges de la Loire avalSpecial Protection Area (Birds Directive)IUCN Not Reported201874 km²
- Parties sommitales du Forez et hautes chaumesSpecial Areas of Conservation (Habitats Directive)IUCN Not Reported201662 km²
- Monts du ForezSpecial Areas of Conservation (Habitats Directive)IUCN Not Reported201356 km²
- Dore et affluentsSpecial Areas of Conservation (Habitats Directive)IUCN Not Reported201643 km²
- Affluents rive droite du RhôneSpecial Areas of Conservation (Habitats Directive)IUCN Not Reported202142 km²
- Milieux alluviaux et aquatiques de la LoireSpecial Areas of Conservation (Habitats Directive)IUCN Not Reported201637 km²
- Pelouses, landes et habitats rocheux des Gorges de la LoireSpecial Areas of Conservation (Habitats Directive)IUCN Not Reported200825 km²
- Gorges de la LoireSpecial Protection Area (Birds Directive)IUCN Not Reported201825 km²
- Lignon, Vizezy, Anzon et leurs affluentsSpecial Areas of Conservation (Habitats Directive)IUCN Not Reported201624 km²
- Crêts du PilatSpecial Areas of Conservation (Habitats Directive)IUCN Not Reported201418 km²
- Vallons et combes du Pilat rhodanienSpecial Areas of Conservation (Habitats Directive)IUCN Not Reported201612 km²
- Ecrevisse à pieds blancs et espèces patrimoniales associéesBiotope Protection OrderIUCN IV201911 km²
- Ruisseaux du Boën, Ban et Font d'AixSpecial Areas of Conservation (Habitats Directive)IUCN Not Reported202010 km²
- Île de la PlatièreSpecial Protection Area (Birds Directive)IUCN Not Reported201810 km²
- Milieux alluviaux et aquatiques de l'île de la PlatièreSpecial Areas of Conservation (Habitats Directive)IUCN Not Reported20149 km²
- Vallée de l'Ondenon, contreforts nord du PilatSpecial Areas of Conservation (Habitats Directive)IUCN Not Reported20109 km²
- Bois-NoirsSpecial Areas of Conservation (Habitats Directive)IUCN Not Reported20207 km²
- Bois de Lespinasse, de la Benisson-Dieu et de la PacaudièreSpecial Areas of Conservation (Habitats Directive)IUCN Not Reported20086 km²
- Ile De La PlatièreNational Nature ReserveIUCN IV19864 km²
- Rivières à Moules perlières du bassin de l'Ance du Nord et de l'ArzonSpecial Areas of Conservation (Habitats Directive)IUCN Not Reported20194 km²
- Écozone du ForezSpecial Protection Area (Birds Directive)IUCN Not Reported20184 km²
- Gorges De La LoireRegional Nature ReserveIUCN IV20124 km²
- Tourbières du Pilat et landes de ChaussitreSpecial Areas of Conservation (Habitats Directive)IUCN Not Reported20084 km²
- Site à chiroptères des Monts du MatinSpecial Areas of Conservation (Habitats Directive)IUCN Not Reported20103 km²
- Jasseries De ColleigneRegional Nature ReserveIUCN IV20093 km²
- Monts de la MadeleineSpecial Areas of Conservation (Habitats Directive)IUCN Not Reported20173 km²
- Forêts et tourbières des Monts de la MadeleineSpecial Areas of Conservation (Habitats Directive)IUCN Not Reported20082 km²
- Chaussitre Et GimelForest Managed Biological ReserveIUCN IV19991 km²
- Etangs du ForezSpecial Areas of Conservation (Habitats Directive)IUCN Not Reported20171 km²
- bois du royLand acquired by a regional conservatory of natural areasIUCN IV20141 km²
- Combe De MontelierBiotope Protection OrderIUCN IV19940 km²
- Etang De La RonzeBiotope Protection OrderIUCN IV19940 km²
- tourbiere de la croix de barrasLand acquired by a regional conservatory of natural areasIUCN IV20010 km²
- Tourbière Du Barrage Du Gue De La ChauxBiotope Protection OrderIUCN IV20130 km²
- Etang Des PlantéesBiotope Protection OrderIUCN IV20090 km²
- sources du gournierLand acquired by a regional conservatory of natural areasIUCN IV20180 km²
- rnr des jasseries de colleigneLand acquired by a regional conservatory of natural areasIUCN IV20090 km²
- tourbieres de la grande pierre bazanneLand acquired by a regional conservatory of natural areasIUCN IV20050 km²
- tourbiere du muzyLand acquired by a regional conservatory of natural areasIUCN IV20240 km²
- suc de lavieuLand acquired by a regional conservatory of natural areasIUCN IV20150 km²
- mont semiolLand acquired by a regional conservatory of natural areasIUCN IV20120 km²
- col des limitesLand acquired by a regional conservatory of natural areasIUCN IV20160 km²
WDPA (World Database on Protected Areas) — UNEP-WCMC & IUCN
Sub-administrations200
- AboënCommune
- AilleuxCommune
- AmbierleCommune
- AmionsCommune
- Andrézieux-BouthéonCommune
- ApinacCommune
- ArcingesCommune
- ArconCommune
- ArthunCommune
- AveizieuxCommune
- BalbignyCommune
- BardCommune
- Bellegarde-en-ForezCommune
- BellerocheCommune
- Belmont-de-la-LoireCommune
- BesseyCommune
- Boisset-Saint-PriestCommune
- Boisset-lès-MontrondCommune
- BonsonCommune
- Bourg-ArgentalCommune
- BoyerCommune
- BoënCommune
- BurdignesCommune
- Bussy-AlbieuxCommune
- CaloireCommune
- CellieuCommune
- CervièresCommune
- CezayCommune
- ChagnonCommune
- Chalain-d'UzoreCommune
- Chalain-le-ComtalCommune
- ChalmazelCommune
- ChamblesCommune
- ChambéonCommune
- ChambœufCommune
- ChampdieuCommune
- ChampolyCommune
- ChandonCommune
- ChangyCommune
- CharlieuCommune
- ChausseterreCommune
- ChavanayCommune
- Chazelles-sur-LavieuCommune
- Chazelles-sur-LyonCommune
- CherierCommune
- ChirassimontCommune
- ChuyerCommune
- ChâtelneufCommune
- CivensCommune
- CleppéCommune
- CombreCommune
- Commelle-VernayCommune
- CordelleCommune
- CottanceCommune
- CoutouvreCommune
- CraintilleuxCommune
- CremeauxCommune
- Croizet-sur-GandCommune
- CuinzierCommune
- DancéCommune
- DargoireCommune
- DoizieuxCommune
- Débats-Rivière-d'OrpraCommune
- Essertines-en-ChâtelneufCommune
- Essertines-en-DonzyCommune
- FarnayCommune
- FeursCommune
- FirminyCommune
- FontanèsCommune
- FraissesCommune
- GenilacCommune
- GraixCommune
- GrammondCommune
- Grézieux-le-FromentalCommune
- GrézollesCommune
- GumièresCommune
- JarnosseCommune
- JasCommune
- JeansagnièreCommune
- JonzieuxCommune
- JuréCommune
- L'HormeCommune
- L'Hôpital-le-GrandCommune
- L'Hôpital-sous-RochefortCommune
- L'ÉtratCommune
- La ChambaCommune
- La ChambonieCommune
- La Chapelle-VillarsCommune
- La Chapelle-en-LafayeCommune
- La Côte-en-CouzanCommune
- La FouillouseCommune
- La GimondCommune
- La Grand-CroixCommune
- La GresleCommune
- La PacaudièreCommune
- La RicamarieCommune
- La TalaudièreCommune
- La Terrasse-sur-DorlayCommune
- La Tour-en-JarezCommune
- La TouretteCommune
- La TuilièreCommune
- La Valla-sur-RochefortCommune
- La VersanneCommune
- LavieuCommune
- LayCommune
- Le BessatCommune
- Le CergneCommune
- Le Chambon-FeugerollesCommune
- Le CoteauCommune
- Le CrozetCommune
- LeigneuxCommune
- Les NoësCommune
- Les SallesCommune
- LoretteCommune
- LupéCommune
- LuriecqCommune
- LuréCommune
- LérigneuxCommune
- LézigneuxCommune
- MachézalCommune
- MaclasCommune
- Magneux-Haute-RiveCommune
- MaizillyCommune
- MallevalCommune
- MarcenodCommune
- Marcilly-le-ChâtelCommune
- MarcloptCommune
- MarcouxCommune
- Margerie-ChantagretCommune
- MaringesCommune
- MarlhesCommune
- MarolsCommune
- Merle-LeignecCommune
- MizérieuxCommune
- MontarcherCommune
- MontbrisonCommune
- MontchalCommune
- Montrond-les-BainsCommune
- MontverdunCommune
- Mornand-en-ForezCommune
- NandaxCommune
- NeauxCommune
- NervieuxCommune
- NeuliseCommune
- NoaillyCommune
- NoirétableCommune
- NollieuxCommune
- Notre-Dame-de-BoissetCommune
- NérondeCommune
- PalogneuxCommune
- PanissièresCommune
- ParignyCommune
- PavezinCommune
- PerreuxCommune
- PinayCommune
- PlanfoyCommune
- PoncinsCommune
- Pouilly-lès-FeursCommune
- Pouilly-sous-CharlieuCommune
- PradinesCommune
- PralongCommune
- PrécieuxCommune
- PélussinCommune
- PérigneuxCommune
- RenaisonCommune
- RivasCommune
- Rive-de-GierCommune
- RoanneCommune
- Roanne-NordSubdivision
- Roanne-SudSubdivision
- RoiseyCommune
- Rozier-Côtes-d'AurecCommune
- Rozier-en-DonzyCommune
- RégnyCommune
- Sail-les-BainsCommune
- Sail-sous-CouzanCommune
- Saint-Alban-les-EauxCommune
- Saint-André-d'ApchonCommune
- Saint-André-le-PuyCommune
- Saint-Barthélemy-LestraCommune
- Saint-Bonnet-des-QuartsCommune
- Saint-Bonnet-le-ChâteauCommune
- Saint-Bonnet-le-CourreauCommune
- Saint-Bonnet-les-OulesCommune
- Saint-ChamondCommune
- Saint-Chamond-SudSubdivision
- Saint-Christo-en-JarezCommune
- Saint-CyprienCommune
- Saint-Cyr-de-FavièresCommune
- Saint-Cyr-de-ValorgesCommune
- Saint-Cyr-les-VignesCommune
- Saint-Denis-de-CabanneCommune
- Saint-Denis-sur-CoiseCommune
- Saint-Didier-sur-RochefortCommune
- Saint-Forgeux-LespinasseCommune
- Saint-GalmierCommune
- Saint-Genest-MalifauxCommune
- Saint-Georges-Haute-VilleCommune
- Saint-Georges-de-BaroilleCommune
- Saint-Georges-en-CouzanCommune
France-specific data (Phase 2)
ZNIEFF, Natura 2000, INPN protected spaces, BNV-D pesticides, Naïades water quality, SAFRAN fine climate, BRGM lithology — Layer FR to load in Phase 2.