Ontologia

Municipality · MEX

Toluca

México

CwbTemperate, dry winter, warm summer(93 %)

Species observed

1 771

Observations

23 266

Area

428,1km²

Ecological tissue

Sample of 37 species (selected proportionally per kingdom among those with at least one documented interaction here) to keep the graph readable. Hover for details, click to explore the full ecosystem of a species.

ℹ️ The territory contains many more species than displayed and all their documented interactions: the graph is intentionally the structural skeleton (top-N species by composite local score, edges filtered by Serrano 2009 disparity filter α=0.2).

RègnesAnimalPlanteChampignonBacterie
RelationsPredationParasitismeSymbiosePollinisation
StatutEn dangerVulnérableProtégéeEndémique

Indicateurs du tissu écologique

Tissu écologique de Toluca : 24 espèces reliées par 98 interactions GloBI sur 5 types (connectance 13.9%, filtre Serrano α=0.2). 14 bulles taxonomiques (cascade genre/famille GloBI, ≥3 espèces).

Espèces affichées
38
Interactions affichées
98
Connectance
0.139
Patrimoniales
0
Plus dense que (national)0 %(top 100%)

Comparaison sur la connectance du réseau local complet vs distribution nationale (toutes les communes françaises).

Species present

1 771 distinct species · 23 266 observations

Source: GBIF Occurrence snapshot 2026-05-01.

Densité d'observations

23 266 obs · 10 cellules
Obs. / cellule
≥ 9 202
9 202–9 201
3 344–9 201
2 305–3 343
< 2 305

Source : GBIF — observations agrégées par hexagones 0.027° × 0.027° (~22km), filtre précision coordonnée < 10 km. Fond carte : OpenFreeMap · © OpenStreetMap.

Climate

Mean T°

12,4°C

Annual rain

1 158mm

Warmest m°

20,7°C

Coldest m°

2,9°C

Elevation: 2 815 m on average (min 2 567 m, max 4 296 m)

Bioclimatic detailsExpert
Annual mean temp.
12,4°C
Annual rain
1 158mm
Warmest month
20,7°C
Coldest month
2,9°C
Mean alt.
2 815m
Min
2 567m
Max
4 296m
Std. dev.
399m
Köppen-Geiger (dominant)
CwbTemperate, dry winter, warm summer(93 %)Temperate

CHELSA BIO 1-19 v2.1 · ETOPO DEM 60s · Köppen-Geiger 1991-2020 (Beck et al. 2018)

Soil & lithology

pH H₂O

6,2

Org. C

26,1g/kg

Clay

25,8%

Sand

46,0%

Silt

28,2%

Average over 0-30 cm. Per-depth details in expert panel.

Dominant lithology: wbGLiM

3 soil depths detailedExpert
0–5 cm
pH H₂O
6,2
Org. C
36,3g/kg
Clay
24,5%
Sand
46,7%
Silt
28,7%
5–15 cm
pH H₂O
6,2
Org. C
26,5g/kg
Clay
24,9%
Sand
46,5%
Silt
28,7%
15–30 cm
pH H₂O
6,3
Org. C
15,5g/kg
Clay
27,9%
Sand
44,7%
Silt
27,3%

SoilGrids 250m (ISRIC, 2017) · GLiM v1.0 (Hartmann & Moosdorf 2012)

Land cover

Forest17.2%
Crops25.6%
Built-up11.5%
Bare soil1.9%
Other (grassland, water…)43.8%

Copernicus Global Land Cover 100m (Buchhorn et al. 2020)

Hydrology5 basins · 9 lakes · 7 rivers

Hydrology metrics for this exact territory

Stream length here

74,6km

Lake surface here

2,20km²

Basins crossed

5

Max stream order

4

Max drainage

2 138km²

Discharge in basins

2,2m³/s

Mean precip.

972mm/an

Mean T°

12,8°C

Moisture idx

-0,28

Mean runoff

235mm/an

Mean elev. (basins)

2 818m

Watersheds crossing here

Lakes (9, top by area)

Live spatial overlap (cached after first hit) · HydroBASINS lev08 × HydroLAKES × HydroRIVERS v10

Human pressure

Pop. density

18hab/km²

Night light

13,1nW

Built-up

1 151,8%

Pesticides

16,8kg/km²

GHSL POP/Built 2020 · VIIRS lumière nocturne · PEST-CHEMGRIDS 2020 (Maggi et al.)

Protected areas5

IUCN Not Reported · 4IUCN VI · 1

WDPA (World Database on Protected Areas) — UNEP-WCMC & IUCN