Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe
IUCN Not ApplicableWorld Heritage Site (natural or mixed) · 2007
924 km²
Commune · ITA
Santa Sofia
Italy
CfbTemperate, no dry season, warm summer(65 %)
Species observed
1 327
Observations
6 014
Area
146,9km²
Ecological tissue
Sample of 31 species (selected proportionally per kingdom among those with at least one documented interaction here) to keep the graph readable. Hover for details, click to explore the full ecosystem of a species.
ℹ️ The territory contains many more species than displayed and all their documented interactions: the graph is intentionally the structural skeleton (top-N species by composite local score, edges filtered by Serrano 2009 disparity filter α=0.2).
RègnesAnimalPlanteChampignonBacterie
RelationsPredationParasitismeSymbiosePollinisation
StatutEn dangerVulnérableProtégéeEndémique
Indicateurs du tissu écologique
Tissu écologique de Santa Sofia : 24 espèces dont 2 patrimoniales (LR IUCN CR/EN/VU) reliées par 59 interactions GloBI sur 4 types (connectance 12.7%, filtre Serrano α=0.2). 7 bulles taxonomiques (cascade genre/famille GloBI, ≥3 espèces).
Espèces affichées
31
Interactions affichées
59
Connectance
0.127
Patrimoniales
2
Plus dense que (national)0 %(top 100%)
Comparaison sur la connectance du réseau local complet vs distribution nationale (toutes les communes françaises).
Species present
1 327 distinct species · 6 014 observations
Source: GBIF Occurrence snapshot 2026-05-01.
Climate
Mean T°
10,7°C
Annual rain
1 133mm
Warmest m°
25,3°C
Coldest m°
-1,8°C
Elevation: 718 m on average (min 319 m, max 1 478 m)
Bioclimatic details19 BIO + Köppen full + altitude statsExpert
Annual mean temp.
10,7°C
Annual rain
1 133mm
Warmest month
25,3°C
Coldest month
-1,8°C
Mean alt.
718m
Min
319m
Max
1 478m
Std. dev.
214m
Köppen-Geiger (dominant)
CfbTemperate, no dry season, warm summer(65 %)Temperate
CHELSA BIO 1-19 v2.1 · ETOPO DEM 60s · Köppen-Geiger 1991-2020 (Beck et al. 2018)
Soil & lithology
pH H₂O
6,4
Org. C
62,0g/kg
Clay
29,3%
Sand
28,0%
Silt
42,6%
Average over 0-30 cm. Per-depth details in expert panel.
Dominant lithology: scGLiMaggregated to Forli' - Cesena
3 soil depths detailed0-5cm / 5-15cm / 15-30cm × 5 propsExpert
0–5 cm
pH H₂O
6,2
Org. C
93,6g/kg
Clay
28,2%
Sand
29,0%
Silt
42,7%
5–15 cm
pH H₂O
6,5
Org. C
55,9g/kg
Clay
28,5%
Sand
28,2%
Silt
43,3%
15–30 cm
pH H₂O
6,5
Org. C
36,6g/kg
Clay
31,2%
Sand
26,9%
Silt
41,9%
SoilGrids 250m (ISRIC, 2017) · GLiM v1.0 (Hartmann & Moosdorf 2012)
Land cover
Forest59.1%
Crops9.0%
Built-up0.3%
Bare soil0.6%
Other (grassland, water…)31.0%
Copernicus Global Land Cover 100m (Buchhorn et al. 2020)
Hydrology3 basins · 1 lakes · 8 rivers
Hydrology metrics for this exact territory
Stream length here
31,9km
Lake surface here
0,11km²
Basins crossed
3
Max stream order
3
Max drainage
1 494km²
Discharge in basins
1,6m³/s
Mean precip.
772mm/an
Mean T°
11,9°C
Moisture idx
-0,11
Max snow
8%
Mean runoff
364mm/an
Mean elev. (basins)
351m
Watersheds crossing here
Lakes (1, top by area)
Rivers / streams (8, ord ≥ 4)
- Fosso di Cabelliord 2len here9.46 km100%total10 km
- Bidenteord 3len here5.99 km15%total40 km
- Fosso di Val Spugnaord 2len here4.48 km51%total9 km
- Fosso della Fontacciaord 1len here3.65 km100%total4 km
- Rio Sassoord 1len here3.08 km100%total3 km
- Bidente di Cornioloord 1len here2.93 km100%total3 km
- Torrente Borelloord 1len here2.29 km19%total12 km
- Fosso di Celleord 2len here0.01 km0%total4 km
Live spatial overlap (cached after first hit) · HydroBASINS lev08 × HydroLAKES × HydroRIVERS v10
Human pressure
Pop. density
0hab/km²
Night light
0,6nW
Built-up
30,1%
Pesticides
21,0kg/km²
GHSL POP/Built 2020 · VIIRS lumière nocturne · PEST-CHEMGRIDS 2020 (Maggi et al.)
Protected areas11
IUCN Not Reported · 7IUCN Ia · 2IUCN Not Applicable · 1IUCN II · 1🌊 Marine · 1
Parco nazionale delle Foreste Casentinesi, Monte Falterona e Campigna
IUCN IINational Park · 1989
369 km²
Monte Gemelli, Monte Guffone
IUCN Not ReportedSpecial Protection Area (Birds Directive) · 2004
133 km²
Monte Gemelli, Monte Guffone
IUCN Not ReportedSpecial Areas of Conservation (Habitats Directive) · 2020
133 km²
Foresta di Campigna, Foresta la Lama, Monte Falco
IUCN Not ReportedSpecial Areas of Conservation (Habitats Directive) · 2020
40 km²
Foresta di Campigna, Foresta la Lama, Monte Falco
IUCN Not ReportedSpecial Protection Area (Birds Directive) · 1988
40 km²
Complete list11 protected areas
- Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of EuropeWorld Heritage Site (natural or mixed)IUCN Not Applicable2007924 km²
- Parco nazionale delle Foreste Casentinesi, Monte Falterona e CampignaNational ParkIUCN II1989369 km²
- Monte Gemelli, Monte GuffoneSpecial Protection Area (Birds Directive)IUCN Not Reported2004133 km²
- Monte Gemelli, Monte GuffoneSpecial Areas of Conservation (Habitats Directive)IUCN Not Reported2020133 km²
- Foresta di Campigna, Foresta la Lama, Monte FalcoSpecial Areas of Conservation (Habitats Directive)IUCN Not Reported202040 km²
- Foresta di Campigna, Foresta la Lama, Monte FalcoSpecial Protection Area (Birds Directive)IUCN Not Reported198840 km²
- Camaldoli, Scodella, Campigna, Badia PratagliaSpecial Protection Area (Birds Directive)IUCN Not Reported199822 km²
- Rami del Bidente, Monte MarinoSpecial Areas of Conservation (Habitats Directive)IUCN Not Reported201914 km²
- Riserva naturale CampignaState Nature ReserveIUCN Ia197712 km²
- Riserva naturale Sasso FratinoState Nature ReserveIUCN Ia19718 km²
- Crinale Monte Falterona - Monte Falco - Monte GabrendoSpecial Areas of Conservation (Habitats Directive)IUCN Not Reported20162 km²
WDPA (World Database on Protected Areas) — UNEP-WCMC & IUCN