Renard fennec

Currently there are no major range-wide threats to the species. However, human activity is rising rapidly in many parts of the Sahara. Construction of new roads, bettering of non-asphalted roads and new human settlements increase the disturbance and risk to some populations. Ongoing seismic surveys, exploratory drilling and oil field developments, coupled with increasing development of commercial transport and migration routes across recently remote parts of the region, create further pressure. The impact of major oil field development on local populations has not been assessed. Direct impacts include increased risk of ‘roadkills’ and risk to naïve desert living Fennecs, which can show lack of fear and curiosity when approached by vehicles. Locally, in North Africa, the main threat appears to be trapping for exhibition or sale to tourists. Though restricted to marginal areas, new permanent human settlements such as those in southern Morocco have resulted in the disappearance of foxes in these areas (F. Cuzin pers. obs.).

Legal protection
It is listed in CITES – Appendix II. It is legally protected in Morocco (including Western Sahara), Algeria, Tunisia and Egypt. 

Presence in protected areas
It occurs in a number of protected areas throughout the range, including Khnifiss and Irikki National Parks in Morocco, Ahaggar and Tasili n’Ajjer National Parks in Algeria, Banc d’Arguin and Diawling National Parks in Mauritania, Djebil and Sanghar National Parks in Tunisia, Zellaf N. R. in Libya, and Bir El Abd Conservation Area in Egypt (Asa et al. 2004, Asa and Cuzin 2013, T. Wacher pers. obs., F. Cuzin pers. obs.). Also significant numbers are found in Termit and Tin Toumma National Natural Reserve in Niger and Ouadi Rimé-Ouadi Achim Game Reserve in Chad.

Presence in captivity 
The ex situ Fennec Fox population is stable with individuals in accredited institutions of the Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA; North America), the European Zoos and Aquarium Association (EAZA; Europe) and the Zoo and Aquarium Association (ZAA; Australia, New Zealand & South Pacific). As of June 2014, there were 156 individuals in 42 AZA institutions (Knobbe 2014), and 130 in 50 EAZA institutions (Mekarska 2014), both in actively managed programmes. Although there is no studbook or formal species management programme for Fennecs in Australian zoos, there are 16 individuals living in five zoos managed by the ZAA, all of which descend from the AZA or EAZA populations. Fennecs are kept in private collections within the Middle East and are also bred privately in the United States where they are sometimes kept as pets, but these records are not available. 

Since 2001, Fennec Fox populations have been managed in zoos for the purposes of captive breeding, research and education (Bauman et al. 2004, Bauman 2010, Van der Meer 2011). Captive populations are managed using genetic and demographic goals so that they are as self sustaining as possible. Research projects with Fennec Fox are varied; some are specific to the species itself since there is a dearth of data and Fennec Fox husbandry has been challenging, whereas other projects utilize the Fennec as a model for other foxes (Bauman et al. 2010). Basic work on nutrition (Dempsey et al. 2009) and disease (K. Ross, K. Bauman, A. Moresco, D. Agnew and C. Asa pers. comm. 2015) and husbandry (Mekarska 2006) has been completed. Genetic work, assessing the relatedness within the AZA and EAZA populations, using mtDNA haplotypes (blood) and microsatellites (blood and hair), also have been recently completed (J.A. Ivy, K. Bauman and C. Lynch, pers. comm. 2015, A. Mekarska pers. comm. 2015). In-depth studies of reproduction in Fennecs (Asa and Valdespino 1998, Asa and Valdespino 2003, Asa et al. 2014, Valdespino et al. 2002) continue, along with new initiatives to documenting circadian rhythms using remote activity monitors, validation of a glucocorticoid assay, and the development of personality assessment tools. Many of these projects were recommended action items from the 2010 International Fox Husbandry Workshop. These projects have contributed greatly to our knowledge of Fennec Fox, but also help develop and validate techniques for use in other species such as the Darwin’s Fox, where there is interest in potentially setting up captive breeding facilities within Chile (K. Bauman, pers. obs.). Finally, in AZA, one-third of the Fennec Fox population are dedicated to educational roles. Fennec Foxes are charismatic and one of the few carnivore species available for this purpose. Zoo-based education programmes for Fennecs are varied, but include: 1) discussions about canid biology and ecology, 2) discussions about the differences between wolves, dogs and foxes, and 3) talking about desert adaptations and ecosystems. 

There is tremendous opportunity for future work with Fennecs to be integrated along a continuum of in situ and ex situ strategies under the emerging One Plan approach, a method of metapopulation management developed by International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN)’s Conservation Breeding Specialist Group (Byers et al. 2013). This would facilitate discussion on all the various strategies and tools that could be utilized by in situ and ex situ managers, and provide opportunities for joint decisions and complimentary actions, thus making species-based conservation more effective and efficient.

Gaps in knowledge
While studies of captive Fennec Fox have gone some way towards improving our knowledge of this little-known species, there is still a paucity of data regarding their basic ecology and behaviour in the wild. Thus, in 2009 the Saint Louis Zoo (USA) initiated a carnivore project in Niger to study Fennec Fox, Pale Fox Vulpes pallida and Ruppell’s Fox Vulpes rueppellii, as well as several other sympatric carnivores. Zoos from AZA and EAZA worked with the IUCN Canid Specialist Group, University of Oxford WildCRU, and the Sahara Conservation Fund on this first ever Fennec Fox field project; an excellent example of how zoos can directly fund and contribute to in situ efforts.  Nonetheless, much remains unknown of the basic ecology and behaviour in the wild of Fennecs. The study in Niger was an important first step, yet further work is needed, and research on habitat use and population dynamics in the wild is overdue. No data are available regarding the impact from the increasing human presence within the Fennec range, and this should at minimum be monitored, but ideally future ecological studies should be designed such that data are collected from disturbed and non-disturbed sites to provide more information about human impacts. 

A new study initiated in southern Morocco (formerly Western Sahara) in 2015, mainly targeted at Felis margarita, but investigating the whole guild of small carnivores (including the Fennec Fox) should contribute to further understanding of habitat use by Fennec Fox, movement patterns and interactions with other small carnivores (F. Cuzin pers. obs.). The recent deployment of a pilot long term camera trap study in north-western Saudi Arabia, coupled with follow up museum visits to establish the background of the two implicated museum specimens, should help resolve uncertainty about the status of Fennec in Arabian peninsula area (T. Wacher pers. obs.).