Couguar
Puma concolor(Linnaeus, 1771)
5 photos · Licences CC (Wikimedia Commons / iNaturalist)Click pour agrandir
Description
espèce de mammifères carnivore d'Amérique du Nord et du Sud
Source : Wikidata
Pays · région · aire protégée · écorégion · biome
Graphe en cours d’indexation
Calcul du tissu écologique de Puma concolor.
Le graphe apparaîtra automatiquement dès que le calcul est terminé (rafraîchissement toutes les 5s).
Liste rouge IUCN
LC · Préoccupation mineure↘Décroissante- Évaluation
- 2015 · v3.1
- Altitude
- 0 – 5800 m
- Profondeur
- – m
État de la populationTexte officiel évaluation IUCNExpert
The Canadian population was roughly estimated at 3,500-5,000 and the western US population at 10,000 in the early 1990s (Nowell and Jackson 1996). The population of Central and South America is likely much higher, although it is unclear how abundant Pumas are in the dense rainforest of the Amazon basin (Nowell and Jackson 1996). The Florida subpopulation, numbering 100-180, is isolated, and has been supplemented by a reintroduction of pumas from Texas (Sunquist and Sunquist 2002, Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission 2014). In Brazil it is considered Near Threatened but subspecies outside the Amazon basic are considered Vulnerable (Machado et al. 2005). It is also considered Near Threatened in Peru (Inrena 2006), Argentina (Diaz and Ojeda 2000) and Colombia (Rodriguez-Mahecha et al. 2006), and Data Deficient (inadequately known) in Chile (CONAMA 2005).
Density estimates include:
Density estimates include:
- Utah, US: 0.3-0.5/100 km2 (Hemker et al. 1984)
- Washington, US: 5.03/100 km2 (Robinson et al. 2008)
- Idaho, US: 0.77-1.04/100 km2 (Laundre and Clark 2003)
- Peru: 2.4/100 km2 (Janson and Emmons 1990)
- Patagonia: 6/100 km2 (Franklin et al. 1999)
- Pantanal 4.4/100 km2 (Crawshaw and Quigley unpubl. in Nowell and Jackson 1996)
- Belize 2-5/100 km2 (Kelly et al. 2008)
- Argentina 0.5-0.8/100 km2 (Kelly et al. 2008)
- Bolivia 5-8/100 km2 (Kelly et al. 2008)
- West Mexico 3-5/100 km2 (Nunez et al. 1998)
Menaces identifiées(14 menaces classées CMP-IUCN)
1_1Housing & urban areasOngoing1_2Commercial & industrial areasOngoing2_1_3Agro-industry farmingOngoing2_2_2Agro-industry plantationsOngoing2_3_3Agro-industry grazing, ranching or farmingOngoing4_1Roads & railroadsOngoing5_1_1Intentional use (species is the target)Ongoing5_1_2Unintentional effects (species is not the target)Ongoing5_1_3Persecution/controlOngoing5_3_5Motivation Unknown/UnrecordedOngoing
+ 4 menaces supplémentaires
Description complète des menacesTexte détaillé évaluation IUCNExpert
Pumas are threatened by habitat loss and fragmentation, and poaching of their wild prey base. They are persecuted across their range by retaliatory hunting due to livestock depredation, and due to fear that they pose a threat to human life (IUCN Cats Red List workshop 2007). Pumas have killed a number of people in western Canada and the US in recent years. Pumas are legally hunted in many western US states, although hunting was banned by popular referendum in California in 1990. Road kills are the principal cause of mortality in the endangered Florida Panther subpopulation, and heavily travelled roads are a major barrier to Puma movements and dispersal (Sunquist and Sunquist 2002).
Habitats préférentiels (classification IUCN)
1_1Forest - Boreal1_4Forest - Temperate1_5Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Dry1_6Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland1_9Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane2_1Savanna - Dry2_2Savanna - Moist3_3Shrubland - Boreal3_4Shrubland - Temperate3_5Shrubland - Subtropical/Tropical Dry3_6Shrubland - Subtropical/Tropical Moist3_7Shrubland - Subtropical/Tropical High Altitude
+ 6 habitats supplémentaires
Mesures de conservation recommandéesStratégies de conservation IUCNExpert
It is included in CITES Appendix II and the eastern and Central American subspecies (P. c. coryi, costaricensis and cougar) on Appendix I. This species is protected across much of its range, with hunting prohibited in most of Argentina, and all of Brazil, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, French Guiana, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Suriname, Venezuela and Uruguay, and hunting regulations in place in Canada, Mexico, Peru and the United States (Nowell and Jackson 1996).
There is a need for the implementation of programs to mitigate conflict resolution for livestock depredation and to study the real effect of Puma vs. Jaguar depredation on livestock (IUCN Cats Red List workshop 2007). Puma occasionally kill humans, especially in North America.
There is a need for the implementation of programs to mitigate conflict resolution for livestock depredation and to study the real effect of Puma vs. Jaguar depredation on livestock (IUCN Cats Red List workshop 2007). Puma occasionally kill humans, especially in North America.
Actions de conservation (12)Conservation Actions Classification Scheme — IUCNExpert
1_1Site/area protection1_2Resource & habitat protection2_1Site/area management2_3Habitat & natural process restoration3_1_1Harvest management3_2Species recovery3_3_1Reintroduction4_3Awareness & communications5_1_2National level5_1_3Sub-national level5_4_2National level5_4_3Sub-national level
Stress écologiques (22)Stresses Classification — IUCNExpert
1_1Ecosystem conversion1_1Ecosystem conversion1_1Ecosystem conversion1_1Ecosystem conversion1_1Ecosystem conversion1_1Ecosystem conversion1_1Ecosystem conversion1_2Ecosystem degradation1_2Ecosystem degradation1_2Ecosystem degradation1_2Ecosystem degradation1_2Ecosystem degradation1_2Ecosystem degradation1_2Ecosystem degradation1_2Ecosystem degradation1_2Ecosystem degradation1_2Ecosystem degradation2_1Species mortality2_1Species mortality2_1Species mortality2_1Species mortality2_2Species disturbance
Usage & commerce (5)Use & Trade — IUCNExpert
10Wearing apparel, accessoriessubsistance11Other household goodssubsistance12Handicrafts, jewellery, etc.subsistance13Pets/display animals, horticulturenational15Sport hunting/specimen collectinginternationalnational
Priorités de recherche (8)Research Needed Classification — IUCNExpert
1_1Taxonomy1_2Population size, distribution & trends1_3Life history & ecology1_4Harvest, use & livelihoods1_5Threats1_6Actions2_1Species Action/Recovery Plan3_1Population trends
Niche IUCN globaleRealms · Systems · LMEs · Growth forms · FAOs — biogéographie IUCNExpert
Royaumes biogéographiques
Neotropical
Systèmes (terrestre/eau douce/marin)
Terrestrial
Références bibliographiques (22)Sources scientifiques de l'évaluation IUCNExpert
- IUCN. 2016. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2016-1. Available at: <a href="www.iucnredlist.org">www.iucnredlist.org</a>. (Accessed: 30 June 2016).
- IUCN. 2015. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2015-4. Available at: <a href="www.iucnredlist.org">www.iucnredlist.org</a>. (Accessed: 19 November 2015).
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission. 2014. Annual report on the research and management of Florida panthers: 2013-2014. Fish and Wildlife Research Institute & Division of Habitat and Species Conservation, Naples, Florida, USA.
- LaRue, M.L., Nielsen, C.K., Dowling, M., Miller, K., Wilson, B., Shaw, H. and Anderson, C.R. Jr. 2012. Cougars are recolonizing the Midwest: Analysis of cougar confirmations during 1990-2008. <i>Journal of Wildlife Management</i> 76: 1364-1369.
- LaRue, M.A. and Nielsen, C.K. 2011. Modelling potential habitat for cougars in midwestern North America. <i>Ecological Modelling</i> 222: 897-900.
- Thompson, D.J. and Jenks, J.A. 2010. Dispersal movements of subadult cougars from the Black Hills: the notion of range expansion and recolonization. <i>Ecosphere</i> 1: 1-11.
- Kelly, M.J., Noss, A.J., Di Bitetti, M., Maffei, L., Arispe, L.R., Paviolo, A., De Angelo, C.D. and Di Blanco, Y.E. 2008. Estimating puma densities from camera trapping across three study sites: Bolivia, Argentina, and Belize. <i>Journal of Mammalogy</i> 89(2): 408-418.
- Robinson, H.S., Wielgus, R.B., Cooley, H.S and Cooley, S.W. 2008. Sink populations in carnivore management: cougar demography and immigration in a hunted population. <i>Ecological Applications</i> 18: 1028-1037.
- Rodriguez-Mahecha, J.V., Alberico, M., Trujillo, F. and Jorgenson, J. 2006. <i>Libro Rojo de los Mamíferos de Colombia. Serie Libros Rojos de Especies Amenazadas de Colombia</i>. Conservación Internacional Colombia & Ministerio de Ambiente, vivienda y Desarrollo Territorial, Bogota, Colombia.
- INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE RECURSOS NATURALES (INRENA). 2006. Plan Nacional de Reforestacion Perù 2005 - 2024. Lima. Perù.
- CONAMA. 2005. Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente - Resolução. CONAMA.
- Machado, A.B.M., Drummond, G.M. and Martins, C.S. 2005. Lista da Fauna Brasileira Ameaçada de Extinção: Incluindo as Espécies Quase Ameaçadas e Deficientes em Dados. Fundação Biodiversitas, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
- Laundre, J. and Clark, T.W. 2003. Managing puma hunting in the western United States: Through a metapopulation approach. <i>Animal Conservation</i> 6: 159-170.
- Sunquist, M. and Sunquist, F. 2002. <i>Wild Cats of the World</i>. University of Chicago Press.
- Culver, M., Johnson, W.E., Pecon-Slattery, J. and O'Brien, S.J. 2000. Genomic ancestry of the American puma (<i>Puma concolor</i>). <i>Journal of Heredity</i> 91: 186-197.
- Díaz, G.B. and Ojeda, R.A. (eds). 2000. <i>Libro rojo: mamíferos amenazados de la Argentina</i>. pp. 106. Soc. Argentina para el Estudio de los Mamíferos, Buenos Aires.
- Franklin, W.L., Johnson, W.E., Sarno, R.J. and Iriarte, J.A. 1999. Ecology of the Patagonia puma <i>Felis concolor patagonica</i> in southern Chile. <i>Biological Conservation</i> 90: 33-40.
- Nunez, R., Miller, B. and Lindzey, F. 1998. Ecology of Jaguars and Pumas in Jalisco, Mexico.
- Nowell, K. and Jackson, P. 1996. <i>Wild Cats. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan</i>. IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.
- Janson, C.H. and Emmons, L.H. 1990. Ecological structure of the nonflying mammal community at Cocha Cashu Biological Station, Manu National Park, Peru. In: A.H. Gentry (ed.), <i>Four neotropical forests</i>, pp. 314-338. Yale University Press, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
- Lindzey, F.,Novak, M., Baker, J., Obbard, M. and Malloch, B. 1987. Mountain Lion. In: M. Novak, J. A. Baker, M. E. Obbard and B. Malloch (eds), <i>Wild furbearer management and conservation in North America</i>, pp. 656. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and the Ontario Trappers Association, Ontario, Canada, Toronto.
- Hemker, T.P., Lindzey, F.G. and Ackerman, B.B. 1984. Population characteristics and movement patterns of cougars in southern Utah. <i>Journal of Wildlife Management</i> 48: 1275-1284.
Évaluateurs & contributeurs (3)Personnes ayant contribué à l'évaluation IUCNExpert
assessor
Nielsen, C., Thompson, D., Kelly, M. & Lopez-Gonzalez, C.A.
contributor
Araguillin, E., Bonacic, C., Caso, A., Corrales-Gutiérrez, D., Eizirik, E., Gollop, M., Guarda, N., Hernández, S., Huaranca, J., Jordan, C., Leite-Pitman, M.R.P., Lucherini, M., Osorio Popiolek, C.T., Paviolo, A., Payan, E., Petracca, L., Robinson, H., Salom, R., Saucedo, C., Tether, R., Trottier, T., Valderrama, C., Villalba Murillo, M., Wallace, R., Watkins, W., Weir, R., Zapata-Ríos, G., de Angelo, C. & de Oliveira, T.
evaluator
Nowell, K., Hunter, L., Schipper, J., Breitenmoser-Würsten, C., Lanz, T. & Breitenmoser, U.
⚠ 1 erratum publié après l'évaluation.
Nielsen, C., Thompson, D., Kelly, M. & Lopez-Gonzalez, C.A. 2015. Puma concolor (errata version published in 2016). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T18868A97216466. Accessed on 05 May 2026.
Traits biologiques
23 valeurs · 8 sources
Morphologie(5)
Cycle de vie(1)
Voir 17 traits de plus (3 catégories)Replier
Reproduction(6)
Écologie & habitat(9)
Sources priorisées par qualité scientifique (peer-reviewed spécialisées → Wikidata fallback). Unités auto-converties, valeur max retenue en cas de mesures multiples. Méthodologie · Citations.
Distribution mondiale
Calcul de la distribution GBIF· ~10–60 s
Phénologie
Calcul du calendrier d'apparition· ~5–30 s
Consulter sur les bases externes
Observations & statuts
Cartographie
Note nomenclaturale & synonymesDétails taxonomiques + synonymes CoLExpert
Note nomenclaturale
TAXREF v18 — INPN/MNHNSynonymes (3)— redirigent vers cette page
- Felis arundivazaHollister, 1911
- Felis californicaLinnaeus, 1758
- Felis concolorLinnaeus, 1771
Sources : Catalogue of Life Cross-References (synonymes) · TAXREF v18 INPN/MNHN (commentaires FR).