Pinanga arinasae
Witono
Pays · région · aire protégée · écorégion · biome
Pas d'interactions documentées pour cette espèce.
Liste rouge IUCN
EN · En dangercritères C2a(i)?Inconnue- Évaluation
- 2021 · v3.1
- Altitude
- 700 – 1506 m
- Profondeur
- – m
État de la populationTexte officiel évaluation IUCNExpert
Based on a 1997 search for this species on Mount Tapak it was noted that populations of saplings and mature plants are rarely found but that seedlings are abundant. Seventeen sample plots were studied on Mount Pengelengan in 2013 and this species was found in seven, with the highest number of individuals in any plot being four, and 12 individuals recorded in total across the seven plots. The subpopulation on Mount Tapak is suspected to number fewer than 50 mature individuals and the subpopulation on Mount Pengelengan about 50–100 mature individuals (Sutomo, D., pers. comm., 2020). Overall population information is available, but it seems likely that the population could be small or even very small, and based on sampling studies, it is estimated that the total population size is no greater than 2,500 mature individuals. The current population trend is suspected to be decreasing; although Mount Tabak and Mount Pengelengan in the Bedugul area are partially within protected areas and steep slopes make some areas less suitable for agriculture, there is some encroachment and other threats are operational. The fact that seedlings were abundant suggests a regenerating population, although mortality in seedlings could be high as saplings were rarely found; it is inferred that there may be a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals as a result of this. The species flowers at 12–14 years of age (Sutomo et al. 2018) but the length of reproductive period is unknown.
Menaces identifiées(4 menaces classées CMP-IUCN)
1_1Housing & urban areasUnknownUnknownOngoing2_1_2Small-holder farmingUnknownUnknownOngoing5_3_5Motivation Unknown/UnrecordedUnknownUnknownOngoing7_1_3Trend Unknown/UnrecordedUnknownUnknownPast, Likely to Return
Description complète des menacesTexte détaillé évaluation IUCNExpert
It was thought that in the past it may have been present in nearby Bukit Lesung and Bukit Pohen, but the habitat is now highly degraded (Witono et al. 2002). The main threats to natural habitats are conversion for cultivation and human settlement both of which are intensive on the lower slopes in the Kebun Raya (Eka Karya) Botanic Garden area. On Mount Tapak, Witono et al. (2020) identified threats as forest conversion and illegal logging. Tourism is also noted to have caused disturbance is some parts of the Bedugul basin, such as Beratan Lake, and the forests have suffered from over-extraction of forest products, although these are not thought to be major threats to this species. Also, in the Bedugul area, the area occupied by rice fields increased from 6,402 ha in 2000 to 33,359 ha in 2017, although the steeper mountain slopes are unlikely to have been impacted. Illegal logging may have had some impact, particularly as the stems are used for traditional cremation ceremonies, and forest fires that occurred in 1994 damaged about 30.5 ha of forest on Mount Pohen and may recur (Sutomo et al. 2018).
Habitats préférentiels (classification IUCN)
1_9Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane★
Mesures de conservation recommandéesStratégies de conservation IUCNExpert
There are three conservation areas in the Bedugul basin, the Batukahu Nature Reserve, Protection Forest and Botanic Garden. The nature reserve area is a natural ecosystem, the protection forest is mostly replanted forest but with some small remnant natural patches and the botanic garden "Eka Karya" is entirely a man-made ecosystem (Sutomo et al. 2018). Parts of Mount Pengelengan are covered by the 18 km2 Danau Buyan - Danau Tamblingan Nature Park (JRC 2018). Conservation of this species has been undertaken in Bali and Gianyar Botanic Gardens, and Bali Botanic Gardens have already propagated this palm and reintroduced it to Mount Pohen. Bali Botanical Garden under the authority of Indonesian Institute of Sciences serves as the main ex situ plant conservation site in the area. It covers area of 157.5 ha, lies at altitude of 1,250–1,450 m asl with a major focus on ex situ conservation of mountain flora, and this species is considered a priority for research here. There are also proposals for the Bedugul area to become a biosphere reserve (Sutomo et al. 2018). Further research is needed to provide more information about the population size, distribution and trends and any specific threats linked to its life history and ecology. An area-based management plan, species specific action and recovery plan and monitoring would be beneficial.
Actions de conservation (2)Conservation Actions Classification Scheme — IUCNExpert
2_1Site/area management3_3_1Reintroduction
Stress écologiques (8)Stresses Classification — IUCNExpert
1_1Ecosystem conversion1_1Ecosystem conversion1_2Ecosystem degradation1_2Ecosystem degradation2_1Species mortality2_1Species mortality2_1Species mortality2_1Species mortality
Usage & commerce (4)Use & Trade — IUCNExpert
1Food - humannationalsubsistance10Wearing apparel, accessoriesnationalsubsistance13Pets/display animals, horticulturenationalsubsistance17Other (free text)nationalsubsistance
Priorités de recherche (4)Research Needed Classification — IUCNExpert
1_2Population size, distribution & trends2_1Species Action/Recovery Plan2_2Area-based Management Plan3_1Population trends
Niche IUCN globaleRealms · Systems · LMEs · Growth forms · FAOs — biogéographie IUCNExpert
Royaumes biogéographiques
Indomalayan
Systèmes (terrestre/eau douce/marin)
Terrestrial
Formes de croissance
Tree - small
Références bibliographiques (8)Sources scientifiques de l'évaluation IUCNExpert
- IUCN. 2021. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2021-3. Available at: <a href="www.iucnredlist.org">www.iucnredlist.org</a>. (Accessed: 09 December 2021).
- Iryadi, R. and Sutomo, S. 2020. <i>Autecology of an Endemic Palm of Bali </i>Pinanga arinasae<i> J.R.Witono in Bali, Indonesia</i>. Manuscript submitted for Journal review.
- Google Earth. 2020. Satellite Imagery. Available at: <a href="https://earth.google.com/web/">https://earth.google.com/web/</a>.
- JRC (Joint Research Centre). 2018. Digital Observatory for Protected Areas (DOPA). Ispra Available at: <a href="http://econservation.jrc.ec.europa.eu/firstmap">http://econservation.jrc.ec.europa.eu/firstmap</a>. (Accessed: 2019).
- Sutomo, Darma, I.D.P., Sujarwo, W., Priyadi, A., Kuswantoro and Iryadi, R. 2018. <i>Ecology of Bedugul Basin Bali.</i> Seameo- Biotrop, Bogor.
- Bachman, S., Moat, J., Hill, A.W., de la Torre, J. and Scott, B. 2011. Supporting Red List threat assessments with GeoCAT: geospatial conservation assessment tool. In: V. Smith and L. Penev (eds) e-Infrastructures for data publishing in biodiversity science. <i>Zookeys</i> 150: 117–126.
- Witono, J.R., Mogea, J.P. and Somadikarta, S. 2002. Pinanga in Java and Bali. <i>Palms</i> 46(4): 193-202.
- Olson, D.M., Dinerstein, E., Wikramanayake, E.D., Burgess, N.D., Powell, G.V.N., Underwood, E.C., D'Amico, J.A., Itoua, I., Strand, H.E., Morrison, J.C., Loucks, C.J., Allnutt, T.F., Ricketts, T.H., Kura, Y., Lamoreux, J.F., Wettengel, W.W., Hedao, P. and Kassem, K.R. 2001. Terrestrial ecoregions of the world: a new map of life on earth. <i>Bioscience</i> 51: 933-938.
Évaluateurs & contributeurs (4)Personnes ayant contribué à l'évaluation IUCNExpert
assessor
Chadburn, H. & Sutomo, D.
contributor
Murray, L. & Witono, J.R.
evaluator
Dransfield, J.
facilitators
Hargreaves, S. & Williams, E.
Chadburn, H. & Sutomo, D. 2021. Pinanga arinasae. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021: e.T167851151A167853374. Accessed on 05 May 2026.
Répartition mondiale
Aucune observation géoréférencée avec précision suffisante (<10 km) dans GBIF pour cette espèce.