Parajubaea torallyi
(Mart.) Burret
Pays · région · aire protégée · écorégion · biome
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Calcul du tissu écologique de Parajubaea torallyi.
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Liste rouge IUCN
EN · En dangercritères B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)?Inconnue- Évaluation
- 2022 · v3.1
- Altitude
- 2000 – 3400 m
- Profondeur
- – m
État de la populationTexte officiel évaluation IUCNExpert
Parajubaea torallyi has a total area of approximately 2,094 hectares. At the El Palmar protected area the palm groves make up the largest part of the total area with 1,619 hectares, followed by 300 hectares in Ruditayoj; in Lajas with 150 hectares, 15 ha in front of Oronkhota and very disperse palm patches in Tini constitute the smallest (6-10 ha). The record of the presence of Parajubaea torallyi gave the result for an extent of occurrence of 2,672 km2 and an area of occupancy of 64 km2.
Population evaluations were applied based on the structure and population density in five sites of El Palmar and it was concluded that in general it shows signs of self-regeneration, but locally it shows limitations in the recruitment of juveniles that could result from dense population regulation dependent and the reduced availability of habitats with suitable conditions for their regeneration (Thompson et al. 2009). Through recent surveys, four 4 x 4 m2 temporary plots were installed at random per surveyed site. In total, 317 individuals were registered; 171 seedlings, 108 juveniles, 20 pre-adults and 18 adult individuals; the population trend is type 1, that is, self-regenerating, except in Lajas where the almost absence of seedlings was notable, but there was a greater number of individuals in intermediate growth categories.
Because it was planted from seed in the 16th century by the Viceroy of Toledo in Garcilasos de (Sucre, capital of Bolivia) and is still alive today, it is estimated that adult individuals can live for more than 500 years (Moraes 1996, 2020). It is a long-lived, slow-growing species and under natural conditions germination can take between eight months to a couple of years.
Population evaluations were applied based on the structure and population density in five sites of El Palmar and it was concluded that in general it shows signs of self-regeneration, but locally it shows limitations in the recruitment of juveniles that could result from dense population regulation dependent and the reduced availability of habitats with suitable conditions for their regeneration (Thompson et al. 2009). Through recent surveys, four 4 x 4 m2 temporary plots were installed at random per surveyed site. In total, 317 individuals were registered; 171 seedlings, 108 juveniles, 20 pre-adults and 18 adult individuals; the population trend is type 1, that is, self-regenerating, except in Lajas where the almost absence of seedlings was notable, but there was a greater number of individuals in intermediate growth categories.
Because it was planted from seed in the 16th century by the Viceroy of Toledo in Garcilasos de (Sucre, capital of Bolivia) and is still alive today, it is estimated that adult individuals can live for more than 500 years (Moraes 1996, 2020). It is a long-lived, slow-growing species and under natural conditions germination can take between eight months to a couple of years.
Menaces identifiées(8 menaces classées CMP-IUCN)
1_3Tourism & recreation areasOngoing2_1_4Scale Unknown/UnrecordedOngoing2_3_4Scale Unknown/UnrecordedOngoing4_1Roads & railroadsOngoing5_2_1Intentional use (species is the target)Ongoing5_3_1Intentional use: (subsistence/small scale) [harvest]Ongoing7_1_1Increase in fire frequency/intensityOngoing8_2Problematic native species/diseasesOngoing
Description complète des menacesTexte détaillé évaluation IUCNExpert
Direct harvesting of resources is highly variable, depending on the site. Harvesting for timber is a historical practice. Fortunately, the number of mature individuals that reach a diameter of 50–70 cm is very small and these are the ones that people normally select for cutting. The collection of fallen fruits and seeds on the ground is also an old practice, but has recently intensified because it represents an income for families. This is especially true in localities outside the protected area of El Palmar, where there is communal control. Finally, the extraction of leaves from low-growing individuals that are accessible for harvesting is excessive, although only once a year (Palm Sunday), and is very damaging (as in Lajas, NE Potosí).
Accidental fires are one of the greatest threats to Janchicoco Palm groves, which have increased recently. Especially when these patches have mature individuals grouped together, the degree of combustion increases and they burn until they disappear to ashes.
Frost has been recorded as affecting the reproduction of Parajubaea torallyi by reducing flowering and fruiting rates. As a seasonal event, it is not necessarily frequent, but it does have an impact on regeneration.
Deforestation practices are also a potential threat. In general, these are recent impacts and affect palm populations. These include sites earmarked for the construction of roads - for example linked to tourism or transport of products, the clearing for agricultural areas and other local development plans.
Accidental fires are one of the greatest threats to Janchicoco Palm groves, which have increased recently. Especially when these patches have mature individuals grouped together, the degree of combustion increases and they burn until they disappear to ashes.
Frost has been recorded as affecting the reproduction of Parajubaea torallyi by reducing flowering and fruiting rates. As a seasonal event, it is not necessarily frequent, but it does have an impact on regeneration.
Deforestation practices are also a potential threat. In general, these are recent impacts and affect palm populations. These include sites earmarked for the construction of roads - for example linked to tourism or transport of products, the clearing for agricultural areas and other local development plans.
Habitats préférentiels (classification IUCN)
1_9Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane3_7Shrubland - Subtropical/Tropical High Altitude
Mesures de conservation recommandéesStratégies de conservation IUCNExpert
It is essential to consider guidelines that address the conservation and even strict protection of the Janchicoco Palm. The El Palmar protected area was created in May 1997, which means that it has only been managed for 24 years (in contrast to the oldest protected area in Bolivia, which is 61 years old). Its management category includes the settled human communities: 2,500 people in 400 families. For this reason, the Bolivian government is urged to organise management alongside local socio-economic activities.
This conservation unit represents 77% (1,619 ha) of the total area occupied by this endemic palm. However, fires and resource extraction are still occurring.
Given that the Bolivian protected areas system has generally been weakened during the last 15 years, possibly the most useful strategy is to resort to the designation of municipal protected areas (to decentralise management). The request to establish protected areas in Lajas (Potosí) and Ruditayoj (Chuquisaca) will need to be replicated in order to guide actions that reduce direct impact, while maintaining socio-economic activities in harmony with the care of these palm groves.
Fortunately, the political will of the municipal authorities is in line with these perspectives, which could reduce the consequences of the negative impacts. However, the term of office of the authorities is only four years, which makes long-term monitoring difficult. An important element that calls for national attention to the conservation of an endemic and endangered species is the fact that this species is a national symbol and is found on the Bolivian coat of arms.
This conservation unit represents 77% (1,619 ha) of the total area occupied by this endemic palm. However, fires and resource extraction are still occurring.
Given that the Bolivian protected areas system has generally been weakened during the last 15 years, possibly the most useful strategy is to resort to the designation of municipal protected areas (to decentralise management). The request to establish protected areas in Lajas (Potosí) and Ruditayoj (Chuquisaca) will need to be replicated in order to guide actions that reduce direct impact, while maintaining socio-economic activities in harmony with the care of these palm groves.
Fortunately, the political will of the municipal authorities is in line with these perspectives, which could reduce the consequences of the negative impacts. However, the term of office of the authorities is only four years, which makes long-term monitoring difficult. An important element that calls for national attention to the conservation of an endemic and endangered species is the fact that this species is a national symbol and is found on the Bolivian coat of arms.
Actions de conservation (2)Conservation Actions Classification Scheme — IUCNExpert
1_1Site/area protection6_1Linked enterprises & livelihood alternatives
Stress écologiques (5)Stresses Classification — IUCNExpert
1_1Ecosystem conversion1_1Ecosystem conversion1_2Ecosystem degradation1_2Ecosystem degradation2_1Species mortality
Usage & commerce (8)Use & Trade — IUCNExpert
1Food - humannationalsubsistance11Other household goodssubsistance12Handicrafts, jewellery, etc.subsistance13Pets/display animals, horticulture2Food - animalnational7Fuelssubsistance8Fibresubsistance9Construction or structural materialssubsistance
Niche IUCN globaleRealms · Systems · LMEs · Growth forms · FAOs — biogéographie IUCNExpert
Royaumes biogéographiques
Neotropical
Systèmes (terrestre/eau douce/marin)
Terrestrial
Formes de croissance
Tree - large
Références bibliographiques (11)Sources scientifiques de l'évaluation IUCNExpert
- IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-2. Available at: <a href="www.iucnredlist.org">www.iucnredlist.org</a>. (Accessed: 08 December 2022).
- BGCI. 2021. Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI) - PlantSearch. Available at: <a href="https://tools.bgci.org/plant_search.php">https://tools.bgci.org/plant_search.php</a>.
- Moraes R., M. 2020. <i>Flora de palmeras de Bolivia. Segunda edición</i>. Herbario Nacional de Bolivia, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, Plural editores, La Paz.
- Moraes R., M., Roncal, J. and Hurtado, R. 2017. Uses of Parajubaea torallyi, an endangered palm of Bolivia. <i>Palms</i> 61(3): 91-101.
- Thompson B., L.N., Moraes R., M. and Baudoin W., M. 2009. Estructura poblacional de la palmera endémica <i>Parajubaea torallyi</i> (Mart.) Burret en zonas aprovechadas del Área Natural de Manejo Integrado El Palmar (Chuquisaca, Bolivia). <i>Ecología en Bolivia</i> 44: 17–35.
- Moraes R., M. 1999. Ecología de palmeras en valles interandinos de Bolivia. <i>Revista Boliviana de Ecología y Conservación Ambiental</i> 5: 3-12.
- Johnson, D. <i>et al.</i> 1997. Completed data collection forms for palms.
- Ibisch, P.L. and Vargas, I. 1997. Comments on the species summaries for Bolivia.
- Guerra, J.F., Aranibar, H., Ayzama, S., Cazón, Y., Cortéz, R., Fezzio, G., Martínez, O., Ovando, A., Pérez, E. and Torrico, G. 1997. Biodiversidad de los bosques de El Palmar. Provincia Zudáñez (Chuquisaca). Programa de Bosques Nativos Andinos, La Paz. Unpublished report.
- Moraes R., M. 1996. Novelties of the genera <i>Parajubaea</i> and <i>Syagrus</i> (Palmae) from interandean valleys of Bolivia. <i>Novon</i> 6: 85-92.
- Anibarro, G. 1994. Diagnóstico de potencialidades del bosque de palmeras en los cantones Pasopaya y Rodeo del municipio Presto. ACLO-Chuquisaca, Sucre. Unpublished report.
Évaluateurs & contributeurs (2)Personnes ayant contribué à l'évaluation IUCNExpert
assessor
Moraes R., M.
evaluator
Couvreur, T.L.P. & Beech, E.
Moraes R., M. 2022. Parajubaea torallyi. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2022: e.T38626A212047377. Accessed on 05 May 2026.
Distribution mondiale
Calcul de la distribution GBIF· ~10–60 s
Phénologie
Calcul du calendrier d'apparition· ~5–30 s
Consulter sur les bases externes
Note nomenclaturale & synonymesDétails taxonomiques + synonymes CoLExpert
Note nomenclaturale
TAXREF v18 — INPN/MNHNSynonymes (5)— redirigent vers cette page
- Allagoptera torallyi(Mart.) Kuntze
- Diplothemium torallyiMart.
- Jubaea torallyi(Mart.) H.Wendl.
- Jubaea torallyi(Mart.) Linden
- Polyandrococos torallyi(Mart.) Barb.Rodr.
Sources : Catalogue of Life Cross-References (synonymes) · TAXREF v18 INPN/MNHN (commentaires FR).