Lion de mer australien

Neophoca cinerea(Péron, 1816)

Animal

ENLR Monde (IUCN)

1 photo · Licences CC (Wikimedia Commons / iNaturalist)Click pour agrandir

Description

espèce de mammifères

Source : Wikidata

Filtrer le graphe par contexte spatialPays · région · aire protégée · écorégion · biome

Chargement du graphe…

Indicateurs du réseau écologique

Comment lire ce graphe

Ce graphe représente les interactions écologiques documentées entre Neophoca cinerea et d'autres espèces, à partir de la base GloBI (Global Biotic Interactions, agrégation mondiale de la littérature scientifique) — source principale, complétée par d'autres jeux de données d'interactions agrégés par Ontologia. Il faut le comprendre comme une carte du savoir documenté, pas une carte de la réalité écologique exhaustive.

Limites principales

Incomplet. La majorité des interactions écologiques en milieu naturel n'ont jamais été publiées. Une espèce sans liens visibles n'est pas isolée — elle est probablement mal étudiée.
Biais publication pharmaco-agronomique. La littérature des interactions est polarisée par les enjeux économiques et sanitaires : parasitism / pathogen sur-pondéré sur les mammifères (recherche zoonoses, vecteurs), herbivory sur-pondéré sur les insectes phytophages (entomologie agronomique). À l'inverse, mutualisms, commensalisms et interactions sol/microbiote sont sous-cités. Conseil de lecture : sur les hubs mammifères ou les insectes ravageurs de culture, lire les arêtes parasitism / herbivory dominantes relativement au contexte de littérature, pas comme une mesure d'intensité écologique brute. Détails §10.1.
Biaisé vers les espèces étudiées. Quelques espèces (oiseaux communs, abeille mellifère, espèces modèles) concentrent disproportionnellement plus d'interactions documentées. Notre score composite ajoute un malus aux hubs de littérature pour atténuer cette dominance visuelle.
Interactions documentées globalement. Toutes les espèces affichées sont observées en France métropolitaine (les observations sont filtrées sur le territoire métropolitain), mais les interactions entre elles proviennent de la littérature scientifique mondiale. Une interaction documentée à l'étranger peut ne pas se réaliser à l'identique sur votre territoire. Le filtre « restreindre à ma commune » tient compte de la co-occurrence spatiale locale mais ne garantit pas l'interaction effective.
Sans dimension temporelle. Les variations saisonnières (migration, floraison, cycle de vie) ne sont pas modélisées.
Force d'interaction approximative. L'épaisseur des liens reflète le nombre de fois où l'interaction a été rapportée dans la littérature, pas son importance écologique réelle.

Comment nous sélectionnons les espèces affichées

Le graphe affiche au plus 31 nœuds par fiche (1 centre + 15 bulles depth=1 + 15 partenaires depth=2). Le serveur sélectionne intelligemment :

Bulles famille créées si une cascade taxonomique existe ou si ≥3 espèces directement documentées partagent une même famille — les espèces sont absorbées dans la bulle (pas de doublon visuel)
Espèces individuelles uniquement quand <3 dans une famille (sans cascade) — relations directes documentées
Pas d'espèces inférées affichées en doublon — les cascades sont représentées via les bulles famille uniquement
Partenaires depth=2 sélectionnés via algo priorité : candidat partagé par ≥2 docs de la famille (food web central) → reliant entre bulles → top sum_obs en dernier recours
Sous-types GloBI traduits en français au survol de la flèche (chasse, parasite, parasitoïde, mycorhize…)

Le toggle Profondeur 1 ↔ 2 client-side cache ou affiche les partenaires depth=2 sans refetch. Filtres règne, type d'interaction, ordres/familles, patrimoniales et commune recalculent côté serveur (slow path live ~1-2 s).

Indicateurs avancés (mode expert) : Modularité Q (Newman 2006, PNAS), communautés (Louvain, Blondel et al. 2008, J. Stat. Mech.), nestedness NODF (Almeida-Neto et al. 2008, Oikos).

Source : GloBI · TAXREF v18 (INPN/MNHN) · BDC-Statuts · Wikidata

51 partenaires écologiques documentés directement dans GloBI.

Partenaires

Espèces avec interactions documentées

Types d'interactions

Prédation, pollinisation, parasitisme…

Connectance

0.071

Densité des liens dans le sous-graphe affiché

Rang animalia

93 %

Percentile vs ensemble des animalia

Liste rouge IUCN

EN · En dangercritères A2bd↘Décroissante

Évaluation complète

Évaluation: 2015 · v3.1
Altitude: 0 – 60 m
Profondeur: 250 – 0 m

État de la populationTexte officiel évaluation IUCNExpert

Despite the large number of breeding sites (81) used by Australian Sea Lions, only seven sites produce more than 100 pups per breeding season, all of which are in South Australia. The average pup production per breeding site is just 40, with most sites (70%), producing fewer than 30 pups per breeding season (Goldsworthy et al. 2009, Goldsworthy unpublished data).

The species can be broadly separated into three main meta-populations: one in Southern Australia accounting for ca 84% of pup production; one on the south coast of Western Australia accounting for ca 10% of pup production; and one on the west coast of Western Australia accounting for ca 6% of pup production (Goldsworthy et al. 2009, Goldsworthy unpublished data). One very isolated breeding site at Twilight Cove in Western Australia lies 400 km distant from the nearest breeding sites to the east and west, and is considered an additional population.

Total pup production for the species currently is estimated to be 3,204; with 2,691 in South Australia, 335 off the south coast of Western Australia, and 182 off the west coast of Western Australia (Goldsworthy et al. 2009, Shaughnessy et al. 2011, Goldsworthy et al. 2013, Goldsworthy unpublished data). Pup production to total population multipliers developed for the species range from 3.83 to 4.08 (Goldsworthy and Page 2007, Goldsworthy et al. 2010) giving a total population estimate of ca 12,690 (range 12,290–13,090). Based on an age-structured model (Goldsworthy et al. 2010), the number of mature animals in the population is ca. 6,500 (Goldsworthy, unpublished data).

Based on age-structure data that are available from one Australian Sea Lion population (Seal Bay, Kangaroo Island), generation time is estimated to be 12.4-12.8 years (Goldsworthy and Page 2007). Hence three generations is equivalent to ca 38 years.

Robust data on trends in pup production per breeding season (an index of abundance appropriate to the taxon) are available for a subset of subpopulations, mostly in South Australia. Pup production has declined for four main breeding subpopulations/regions: Seal Bay (~2% decline per breeding season or ~46% decline over three generations); nine subpopulations along the Bunda Cliffs (a 39% decline in mean maximum number of pups counted per site over 19 years, or ~64% decline over three generations); Olive Island (a ~8% decline per breeding season or 32% decline over seven years, equivalent to ~87% decline over three generations); and West Waldegrave Island (a ~42% decline in 10 years or a ~87% decline over three generations). Based on a global assessment of the species from data available for 23 subpopulations (accounting for ~48% of the species-wide pup production), total pup production has declined by 57% in three generations (Goldsworthy, unpublished data).

Menaces identifiées(10 menaces classées CMP-IUCN)

5_4_2
Intentional use: (large scale) [harvest]
Rapid DeclinesMajority (50-90%)Past, Unlikely to Return
11_1
Habitat shifting & alteration
Causing/Could cause fluctuationsWhole (>90%)Ongoing
9_2_1
Oil spills
Causing/Could cause fluctuationsMinority (<50%)Future
1_2
Commercial & industrial areas
Negligible declinesMinority (<50%)Ongoing
2_4_2
Industrial aquaculture
Negligible declinesMinority (<50%)Ongoing
5_4_1
Intentional use: (subsistence/small scale) [harvest]
Negligible declinesMinority (<50%)Ongoing
5_4_4
Unintentional effects: (large scale) [harvest]
Slow, Significant DeclinesMajority (50-90%)Ongoing
1_3
Tourism & recreation areas
No declineMinority (<50%)Ongoing
4_3
Shipping lanes
No declineMinority (<50%)Ongoing
6_1
Recreational activities
No declineMinority (<50%)Ongoing

Description complète des menacesTexte détaillé évaluation IUCNExpert

Although now protected, Australian Sea Lions have not rebounded fully in numbers or reoccupied all of their former range. A range of anthropogenic factors have been identified which may be impacting the recovery of the Australian Sea Lion (Goldsworthy et al. 2009, DSEWPC 2013). The cumulative impact of many of these threats may vary across the range of the species. Fisheries bycatch (especially in gillnets) and entanglement in marine debris appear to pose the greatest threat to the Australian Sea Lion at present (Shaughnessy et al. 2003, Goldsworthy and Page 2007, Goldsworthy et al. 2010), while secondary threats include: habitat degradation and interactions with aquaculture operations; human disturbance to colonies; deliberate killings; disease; chemical pollution and oil spills; noise pollution; prey depletion and competition; and climate change (Goldsworthy et al. 2009, DSEWPC 2013). A substantial Sea Lion tourist industry has developed; this activity is regulated at Sea Lion colonies in parks to minimize disturbance during the breeding season.

Habitats préférentiels (classification IUCN)

10_1Marine Oceanic - Epipelagic (0-200m)★
12_1Marine Intertidal - Rocky Shoreline★
13_1Marine Coastal/Supratidal - Sea Cliffs and Rocky Offshore Islands★
9_1Marine Neritic - Pelagic★
10_2Marine Oceanic - Mesopelagic (200-1000m)

Mesures de conservation recommandéesStratégies de conservation IUCNExpert

This species is protected in Australia by State Conservation agencies under numerous independently enacted state laws, the earliest dating back to 1889. The Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act, 1999 provides protection for all pinnipeds in Australia. The Australian Sea Lion was listed as a Threatened species in the Vulnerable category under that Act in 2005. It is listed as a protected species (rare) in South Australia under the National Parks and Wildlife Act, 1972. In Western Australia they are protected under section 14 of the Wildlife Conservation Act, 1950 and are listed as specially protected in Western Australia under the Wildlife Conservation (Specially Protected) Fauna Notice 2005.

Between 2010 and 2012, the Australian Fisheries Management Authority (AFMA) introduced a range of management measures into the shark gillnet component of the Gillnet Hook and Trap (GHAT) fishery to mitigate the impacts of bycatch mortality on Australian Sea Lion populations off South Australia (AFMA 2010). This followed research that integrated an on-board independent bycatch observer program on gillnet vessels, and an extensive Sea Lion satellite tracking and spatial modelling program (Goldsworthy et al. 2010). The management measures introduced include spatial closures (most between 4–10 nm) excluding the fishery around all Sea Lion colonies off South Australia, and bycatch trigger limits that place a cap on the total numbers of Sea Lions that are permitted to be caught within areas of the fishery, which if exceeded result in extended (18 month) fishery closures (AFMA 2012). Given there is 100% observer coverage in this fishery, mostly through electronic monitoring, there is high compliance and most Sea Lion bycatch is now reported in fishery logbooks (AFMA 2013). Additional management measures, such as switching gear to hook and line, are being considered. Bycatch of Australian Sea Lion pups and juveniles in Rock Lobster pots has been largely mitigated through the introduction of Sea Lion excluder devices in the Western Australian and South Australian Rock Lobster fisheries.

Actions de conservation (4)Conservation Actions Classification Scheme — IUCNExpert

2_1Site/area management
3_1_1Harvest management
3_2Species recovery
4_3Awareness & communications

Stress écologiques (13)Stresses Classification — IUCNExpert

1_1Ecosystem conversion
1_1Ecosystem conversion
1_1Ecosystem conversion
1_1Ecosystem conversion
1_2Ecosystem degradation
1_2Ecosystem degradation
1_2Ecosystem degradation
2_1Species mortality
2_1Species mortality
2_1Species mortality
2_1Species mortality
2_1Species mortality
2_2Species disturbance

Usage & commerce (1)Use & Trade — IUCNExpert

1Food - human
subsistance

Priorités de recherche (5)Research Needed Classification — IUCNExpert

1_2Population size, distribution & trends
1_4Harvest, use & livelihoods
1_5Threats
1_6Actions
3_1Population trends

Niche IUCN globaleRealms · Systems · LMEs · Growth forms · FAOs — biogéographie IUCNExpert

Royaumes biogéographiques

Australasian

Systèmes (terrestre/eau douce/marin)

TerrestrialMarine

Large Marine Ecosystems (LMEs)

West-Central Australian ShelfSouthwest Australian Shelf

Zones de pêche FAO

Indian Ocean - eastern

Références bibliographiques (30)Sources scientifiques de l'évaluation IUCNExpert

IUCN. 2015. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2015.2. Available at: <a href="www.iucnredlist.org">www.iucnredlist.org</a>. (Accessed: 23 June 2015).
Peters, K.J., Ophelkeller, K., Bott, N.J., Deagle, B.E., Jarman, S.N. and Goldsworthy, S.D. 2014. Fine-scale diet of the Australian sea lion (Neophoca cinerea) using DNA-based analysis of faeces. Marine Ecology Article first published online: 12 MAR 2014 doi: 10.1111/maec.12145.
Kirkwood, R. and Goldsworthy, S.D. 2013. Fur Seals and Sea Lions. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, Victoria, Australia.
Goldsworthy, S.D. and Lowther, A.D. and Shaughnessy, P.D. 2013. Maintaining the monitoring of pup production at key Australian sea lion colonies in South Australia (2011/12). SARDI Research Report Series No. 739.
DSEWPC. 2013. Issues Paper for the Australian Sea Lion (Neophoca cinerea). Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities, Canberra, Australia.
Australian Fisheries Management Authority (AFMA). 2013. Future Directions for the Gillnet Hook and Trap Sector. Future Directions for the Gillnet Hook and Trap Fishery. Available at: <a href="http://www.afma.gov.au/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Future-Directions-for-the-Gillnet-Hook-and-Trap-Fishery-Publication-version.pdf ">http://www.afma.gov.au/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Future-Directions-for-the-Gillnet-Hook-and-Trap-Fishery-Publication-version.pdf </a>. (Accessed: 9 June 2014).
Fragnito, K. 2013. Identifying the foraging behaviour and foraging habitat of the Australian sea lion, Neophoca cinerea using National Geographic Crittercam. University of Adelaide.
Lowther, A.D., Harcourt, R.G., Goldsworthy, S.D. and Stow, A. 2012. Population structure of adult female Australian sea lions is driven by fine-scale foraging site fidelity. Animal Behaviour 83: 691-701.
Australian Fisheries Management Authority (AFMA). 2012. Australian Sea Lion bycatch triggers- changes to fisheries management arrangements to further protect Australian Sea Lion sub-populations in the Gillnet, Hook and Trap Fishery. Canberra, Australia.
Lowther, A.D. and Goldsworthy, S.D. 2012. Head start: Australian sea lion pups gain experience of adult foraging grounds before weaning. Marine Biology 159: 2687-2696.
Shaughnessy, P.D., Goldsworthy, S.D., Hamer, D.J., Page, B. and McIntosh, R.R. 2011. Australian sea lions Neophoca cinerea at colonies in South Australia: distribution and abundance, 2004 to 2008. Endangered Species Research 13: 87-98.
Lowther, A.D. and Goldsworthy, S.D. 2011. Maternal strategies of the Australian sea lion (Neophoca cinerea) at Dangerous Reef, South Australia. Australian Journal of Zoology 59: 54-62.
Goldsworthy, S.D., Page, B., Shaughnessy, P.D. and Linnane, A. 2010. Mitigating Seal Interactions in the SRLF and the Gillnet Sector SESSF in South Australia. SARDI Research Report Series No. 405.
Australian Fisheries Management Authority (AFMA). 2010. Australian Sea Lion Management Strategy: Southern and Eastern Scalefish and Shark Fishery (SESSF). Canberra, Australia.
Goldsworthy, S.D. and Lowther, A.D. 2010. Genetic population structure and bycatch: assessment of management measures for reducing the bycatch of Australian sea lions in the demersal gillnet fishery off South Australia. SARDI Research Report Series No. 515. Adelaide, Australia.
Goldsworthy, S.D., McKenzie, J., Shaughnessy, P.D., McIntosh, R.R., Page, B. and Campbell, R. 2009. An update of the report: understanding the impediments to the growth of Australian sea lion populations. SARDI Research Report Series Number 356. South Australian Research and Development Institute (Aquatic Sciences), Adelaide.
Campbell, R., Gales, N., Lento, G. and Baker, S. 2008. Islands in the sea: extreme female natal site fidelity in the Australian sea lion, Neophoca cinerea. Biology Letters 4: 139-142.
McIntosh, R.R. 2007. The life history and population demographics of the Australian sea lion, Neophoca cinerea. La Trobe University.
Goldsworthy, S.D. and Page, B. 2007. A risk-assessment approach to evaluating the significance of seal bycatch in two Australian fisheries. Biological Conservation 139: 269-285.
Shaughnessy, P.D., Dennis, T.E. and Berris, M. 2007. Predation on Australian sea lions Neophoca cinerea by white sharks Carcharodon carcharias in South Australia. Australian Mammology 29: 69-75.
Shaughnessy, P.D., McIntosh, R.R., Goldsworthy, S.D., Dennis, T.E. and Berris, M. 2006. Trends in abundance of Australian sea lions, Neophoca cinerea, at Seal Bay, Kangaroo Island, South Australia. In: A.W. Trites, S.K. Atkinson, D.P. DeMaster, L.W. Fritz, T.S. Gelatt, L.D. Rea and K.M. Wynne (eds), Sea lions of the world, pp. 325-351. Alaska Sea Grant College Program, University of Alaska, Fairbanks.
Shaughnessy, P., Kirkwood, R., Cawthorn, M., Kemper, C. and Pemberton, D. 2003. Pinnipeds, cetaceans and fisheries in Australia: a review of operational interactions. In: N. Gales, M. Hindell and R. Kirkwood (eds), Marine mammals: fisheries, tourism, and management issues, pp. 136-152. CSIRO Publishers, Collingwood, Victoria, Australia.
Costa, D.P. and Gales, N.J. 2003. Energetics of a benthic diver: seasonal foraging ecology of the Australian sea lion, Neophoca cinerea. Ecological Monographs 73(1): 27-43.
Ling, J.K. 2002. Australian sea lion Neophoca cinerea. In: W.F. Perrin, B. Wursig and J.G.M. Thewissen (eds), Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals, pp. 51-54. Academic Press.
Ling, J.K. 1999. Exploitation of fur seals and sea lions from Australian, New Zealand and adjacent subantarctic islands during the eighteenth, nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Australian Zoology 32: 323-350.
Rice, D.W. 1998. Marine Mammals of the World: Systematics and Distribution. Society for Marine Mammalogy, Special Publication Number 4, Lawrence, Kansas.
Rice, D.W. 1998. Marine Mammals of the World: Systematics and Distribution. Allen Press, Lawrence, Kansas, USA.
Gales, N.J. and Costa, D.P. 1997. The Australian sea lion: a review of an unusual life history. In: M. Hindell and C. Kemper (eds), Marine Mammal Research in the Southern Hemisphere, Vol. 1, Surrey Beatty and Sons, Devon, UK.
Higgins, L.V. and Gass, L. 1993. Birth to weaning – parturition, duration of lacation and attendance cycles of Australian sea lions (Neophoca cinerea). Canadian Journal of Zoology 71: 2047-2055.
Higgins, L.V. 1993. The nonannual, nonseasonal breeding cycle of the Australian sea lion, Neophoca cinerea. Journal of Mammalogy 74: 270-274.

Évaluateurs & contributeurs (4)Personnes ayant contribué à l'évaluation IUCNExpert

assessor

Goldsworthy, S.D.

contributor

Gales, N.J.

evaluator

Chilvers, B.L.

facilitators

Lowry, L., Ahonen, H., Chiozza, F. & Battistoni, A.

Goldsworthy, S.D. 2015. Neophoca cinerea. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T14549A45228341. Accessed on 05 May 2026.

Traits biologiques

21 valeurs · 7 sources

Morphologie(5)

Masse adulte: 190 kg; AnAge
Masse cerveau: 389 g; AnimalTraits
Masse naissance: 7,1 kg; AnAge
Masse au sevrage: 59,7 kg; AnAge
Longueur: 1,8 m; PanTHERIA

Cycle de vie(1)

Longévité max: 24 ans; AnAge

Voir 15 traits de plus (2 catégories)

Reproduction(6)

Sevrage: 1,6 ans; AnAge
Taille de portée: 1; AnAge
Maturité sexuelle: 6 ans; AnAge
Portées par an: 1; AnAge
Gestation: 8,5 mois; AnAge
Intervalle naissances: 1,5 ans; AnAge

Écologie & habitat(9)

Invertébrés (%): 0 %; elton_mammals
Graines (%): 0 %; elton_mammals
Fruits (%): 0 %; elton_mammals
Nectar (%): 0 %; elton_mammals
Charognard (%): 0 %; elton_mammals
Poissons (%): 100 %; elton_mammals
Autre végétal (%): 0 %; elton_mammals
Vert. ectothermes (%): 0 %; elton_mammals
Vert. endothermes (%): 0 %; elton_mammals

Sources priorisées par qualité scientifique (peer-reviewed spécialisées → Wikidata fallback). Unités auto-converties, valeur max retenue en cas de mesures multiples. Méthodologie · Citations.