Ontologia
Ocelot

Ocelot

Leopardus pardalis(Linnaeus, 1758)

LCLR Monde (IUCN)
  1. Animal
  2. Chordata
  3. Mammalia
  4. Carnivora
  5. Felidae
5 photos · Licences CC (Wikimedia Commons / iNaturalist)Click pour agrandir
Pays · région · aire protégée · écorégion · biome

Graphe en cours d’indexation

Calcul du tissu écologique de Leopardus pardalis.

Le graphe apparaîtra automatiquement dès que le calcul est terminé (rafraîchissement toutes les 5s).

Liste rouge IUCN

LC · Préoccupation mineureDécroissante
Évaluation complète
Évaluation
2015 · v3.1
Altitude
03000 m
Profondeur
m
État de la populationExpert
Ocelot population densities throughout its entire range varies widely from 2.5 to 160/100 km². At a continental scale, Ocelot densities decrease with latitude and increase with rainfall (Di Bitetti et al. 2008). Primary productivity seems to determine the abundance of this wild cat across their range, but at a local scale their abundance may be affected by logging and poaching or by competition with other species (Di Bitetti et al. 2008). The lowest densities are found at the Pine Forest of Belize (Dillon and Kelly 2007), dry areas of Mexico (Gonzalez et al. 2003) and the Caatinga in northeastern Brazil (Oliveira 2012). The maximum estimated density was found at the Barro Colorado Island in Panamá (Rodgers et al. 2014). The species is considered Endangered in Mexico (Norma Oficial Mexicana 2010) and in United States (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2010), Vulnerable in Colombia (Rodriguez-Mahecha et al. 2006) and Argentina (Aprile et al. 2012). In Brazil, populations outside the Amazon are listed as Vulnerable (Machado et al. 2005).

Menaces identifiées(17 menaces classées CMP-IUCN)

  • 1_1
    Housing & urban areas
    Ongoing
  • 1_2
    Commercial & industrial areas
    Ongoing
  • 2_1_3
    Agro-industry farming
    Ongoing
  • 2_2_2
    Agro-industry plantations
    Ongoing
  • 2_3_3
    Agro-industry grazing, ranching or farming
    Ongoing
  • 3_2
    Mining & quarrying
    Ongoing
  • 4_1
    Roads & railroads
    Ongoing
  • 5_1_1
    Intentional use (species is the target)
    Ongoing
  • 5_1_2
    Unintentional effects (species is not the target)
    Ongoing
  • 5_1_3
    Persecution/control
    Ongoing

+ 7 menaces supplémentaires

Description complète des menacesExpert
At present the major threats for the species are habitat loss and fragmentation, retaliatory killing due to depredation of poultry and illegal trade of pets and pelts (Sunquist and Sunquiest 2002).The Ocelot has been described as being tolerant in some degree to habitat disturbs and persists in wooded patches near human settlements. However, Ocelot abundance is negatively affected by anthropogenic effects like poaching and logging (Di Bitetti et al. 2008). Although widespread commercial harvests for the fur trade ceased decades ago, some illegal trade still persists.

Habitats préférentiels (classification IUCN)

  • 1_5Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Dry
  • 1_6Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland
  • 1_7Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Mangrove Vegetation Above High Tide Level
  • 2_1Savanna - Dry
  • 2_2Savanna - Moist
  • 3_5Shrubland - Subtropical/Tropical Dry
  • 3_6Shrubland - Subtropical/Tropical Moist
  • 1_9Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane
Mesures de conservation recommandéesExpert
Included on CITES Appendix I. The species is protected across most of its range, with hunting banned in Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Costa Rica, French Guiana, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, United States, Uruguay and Venezuela, and hunting regulations in place in Peru (Nowell and Jackson 1996). Part of the species range includes protected areas, including some capable of maintaining long-term viable populations.
Actions de conservation (10)Expert
  • 1_1Site/area protection
  • 1_2Resource & habitat protection
  • 2_1Site/area management
  • 2_3Habitat & natural process restoration
  • 3_2Species recovery
  • 3_3_1Reintroduction
  • 3_4_1Captive breeding/artificial propagation
  • 3_4_2Genome resource bank
  • 5_4_2National level
  • 5_4_3Sub-national level
Stress écologiques (26)Expert
  • 1_1Ecosystem conversion
  • 1_1Ecosystem conversion
  • 1_1Ecosystem conversion
  • 1_1Ecosystem conversion
  • 1_1Ecosystem conversion
  • 1_1Ecosystem conversion
  • 1_1Ecosystem conversion
  • 1_1Ecosystem conversion
  • 1_2Ecosystem degradation
  • 1_2Ecosystem degradation
  • 1_2Ecosystem degradation
  • 1_2Ecosystem degradation
  • 1_2Ecosystem degradation
  • 1_2Ecosystem degradation
  • 1_2Ecosystem degradation
  • 1_2Ecosystem degradation
  • 1_2Ecosystem degradation
  • 1_2Ecosystem degradation
  • 1_2Ecosystem degradation
  • 2_1Species mortality
  • 2_1Species mortality
  • 2_1Species mortality
  • 2_1Species mortality
  • 2_1Species mortality
  • 2_1Species mortality
  • 2_2Species disturbance
Usage & commerce (4)Expert
  • 10Wearing apparel, accessories
    nationalsubsistance
  • 11Other household goods
    nationalsubsistance
  • 12Handicrafts, jewellery, etc.
    nationalsubsistance
  • 13Pets/display animals, horticulture
    nationalsubsistance
Priorités de recherche (7)Expert
  • 1_1Taxonomy
  • 1_2Population size, distribution & trends
  • 1_3Life history & ecology
  • 1_4Harvest, use & livelihoods
  • 1_5Threats
  • 1_6Actions
  • 3_1Population trends
Niche IUCN globaleExpert

Royaumes biogéographiques

NearcticNeotropical

Systèmes (terrestre/eau douce/marin)

Terrestrial
Références bibliographiques (30)Expert
  1. IUCN. 2016. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2016-1. Available at: <a href="www.iucnredlist.org">www.iucnredlist.org</a>. (Accessed: 30 June 2016).
  2. IUCN. 2015. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2015-4. Available at: <a href="www.iucnredlist.org">www.iucnredlist.org</a>. (Accessed: 19 November 2015).
  3. Janecka, J.E., Tewes, M.E., Laack, L., Caso, A., Grassman, L.I. and Honeycutt, R.L. 2014. Loss of Genetic Diversity among Ocelots in the United States during the 20th Century Linked to Human Induced Population Reductions. <i>Plos One</i> 9(2): e89384.
  4. Rodgers, T.W., Giacalone, J., Heske, E.J., Janeèka, J.E., Phillips, C.A. and Schooley, R.L. 2014. Comparison of noninvasive genetics and camera trapping for estimating population density of ocelots (<i>Leopardus pardalis</i>) on Barro Colorado Island, Panama. <i>Tropical Conservation Science</i> 7(4): 690-705.
  5. Boron, V. and Payan, E. 2013. Abundancia de carnívoros en el agropaisaje de las plantaciones de palma de aceite del valle medio del río Magdalena, Colombia. In: C. Castaño-Uribe, J.F. Gonzalez-Maya, C. Ange, D. Zarrate-Charry and M. Vela-Vargas (eds), <i>In Plan de Conservación de Felinos del Caribe Colombiano 2007-2012: Los felinos y su papel en la planificación regional integral basada en especies clave</i>, pp. 165-176. Santa Marta: Fundación Herencia Ambiental Caribe, ProCAT, Colombia, The Sierra to Sea Institute.
  6. Payan, E., Soto, C., Diaz-Pulido, A., Benitez, A. and Hernandez, A. 2013. Wildlife road crossing and mortality: lessons for wildlife friendly road design in Colombia. <i>International Conference on Ecology and Transportation, Arizona</i>: 1-18.
  7. Oliveira, T.G. de, Almeida, L.B. de and Campos, C.B. de. 2013. Avaliação do risco de extinção da jaguatirica <i>Leopardus pardalis</i> no Brasil. <i>Biodiversidade Brasileira</i> 3(1): 66-75.
  8. Aprile G., Cuyckens, E., De Angelo, C., Di Bitetti, M., Lucherini, M., Muzzachiodi, N., Palacios, R., Paviolo, A., Quiroga, V. and Soler, L. 2012. Family: Felidae. In: R.A. Ojeda, V. Chillo, Vand G.B. Díaz Isenrath (ed.), <i>Libro Rojo de los Mamíferos Amenazados de la Argentina</i>, SAREM, Mendoza.
  9. Avila-Villegas, S. and Lamberton-Moreno, J.A. 2012. Wildlife Survey and monitoring in the Sky Island region with an emphasis on neotropical felids. In: G.J. Gottfried, P.F. Ffolliott, B.S. Gebow, L.G. Eskew and L.C. Collins (eds), Merging Science and Management in a Rapidly Changing World: Biodiversity and Management of the Madrean Archipelago III and 7th Conference on Research and Resource Management in the Southwestern Deserts, pp. 1-5.
  10. Oliveira, G.P. 2012. Ecologia da Jaguatirica,<i> Leopardus pardalis</i> (LINNAEUS, 1758), na Caatinga do Piauí. Universidade de Brasília.
  11. Janecka J.E., Tewes M.E., Laack, L.L., Caso, A., Grassman, L.I. Jr, Haines, A.M., Shindle D.B., Davis, B.W., Murphy, W.J. and Honeycutt, R.L. 2011. Reduced genetic diversity and isolation of remnant ocelot populations occupying a severely fragmented landscape in southern Texas. <i>Animal Conservation</i> 14: 608-619.
  12. Davis, M.L., Kelly, M.J. and Stauffer, D.F. 2011. Carnivore co‐existence and habitat use in the Mountain Pine Ridge Forest Reserve, Belize. <i>Animal Conservation</i> 14(1): 56-65.
  13. Stangl Jr, F.B., and Young, J.H. 2011. The ocelot (<i>Leopardus pardalis</i>) in northern Texas, with comments on its northern biogeography. <i>Western North American Naturalist</i> 71(3): 412-417.
  14. Diaz-Pulido, A. and Payán, E. 2011. Densidad de ocelotes (<i>Leopardus pardalis</i>) en los Llanos colombianos. <i>Mastozoología Neotropical</i> 18: 63-71.
  15. Di Bitetti, M.S., De Angelo, C.D., Di Blanco, Y E. and Paviolo, A. 2010. Niche partitioning and species coexistence in a Neotropical felid assemblage. <i>Acta Oecologica</i> 36(4): 403-412.
  16. Oliveira, T.G. de, Tortato, M.A., Silveira, L., Kasper, C.B., Mazim, F.D., Lucherini, M. Jácomo, A.T., Soares, J.B.G., Marques, R.V. and Sunquist, M. 2010. Ocelot ecology and its effect in the small-felid guild in the lowland Neotropics. In: D.W. Macdonald and A. Loveridge (eds), <i>Biology and Conservation of Wild Felids</i>, pp. 563-584. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
  17. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2010. Draft Ocelot (<i>Leopardus pardalis</i>) Recovery Plan, First Revision. .S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Southwest Region, Albuquerque, New Mexico.
  18. NORMA OFICIAL MEXICANA (2010) NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010. 2010. Protección ambiental-Especies nativas de México de flora y fauna silvestres-Categoría de riesgo y especificaciones para su inclusión, exclusión o cambio-Lista de especies en riesgo. Diario Oficial de la Federación. Distrito Federal, Mexico.
  19. Bianchi, R.D.C., Mendes, S.L, and Júnior, P.D.M. 2010. Food habits of the ocelot, <i>Leopardus pardalis</i>, in two areas in southeast Brazil. <i>Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment</i> 45(3): 111-119.
  20. Andrade-Núñez, M J., and Aide, T.M. 2010. Effects of habitat and landscape characteristics on medium and large mammal species richness and composition in northern Uruguay. <i>Zoologia (Curitiba)</i> 27(6): 909-917.
  21. Di Bitetti, M.S., Paviolo, A., De Angelo, C.D. and Di Blanco, Y.E. 2008. Local and continental correlates of the abundance of a Neotropical cat, the ocelot (<i>Leopardus pardalis</i>). <i>Journal of Tropical Ecology</i> 24(2): 189-200.
  22. Dillon, A. and Kelly, M.J. 2008. Ocelot home range, overlap and density: comparing radio telemetry with camera trapping. <i>Journal of Zoology</i> 275(4): 391-398.
  23. Maffei, L. and Noss, A. J. 2008. How small is too small? Camera trap survey areas and density estimates for ocelots in the Bolivian Chaco. <i>Biotropica</i> 40(1): 71-75.
  24. Dillon, A. and Kelly, M.J. 2007. Ocelot <i>Leopardus pardalis</i> in Belize: the impact of trap spacing and distance moved on density estimates. <i>Oryx</i> 41(4): 469-477.
  25. Di Bitetti, M.S., Paviolo, A. and De Angelo, C. 2006. Density, habitat use and activity patterns of ocelots (<i>Leopardus pardalis</i>) in the Atlantic Forest of Misiones, Argentina. <i>Journal of Zoology</i> 270: 153-163.
  26. Rodriguez-Mahecha, J.V., Alberico, M., Trujillo, F. and Jorgenson, J. 2006. <i>Libro Rojo de los Mamíferos de Colombia. Serie Libros Rojos de Especies Amenazadas de Colombia</i>. Conservación Internacional Colombia & Ministerio de Ambiente, vivienda y Desarrollo Territorial, Bogota, Colombia.
  27. Moreno, R.S., Kays, R.W. and Samudio Jr, R. 2006. Competitive release in diets of ocelot (<i>Leopardus pardalis</i>) and puma (<i>Puma concolor</i>) after jaguar (<i>Panthera onca</i>) decline. <i>Journal of Mammalogy</i> 87(4): 808-816.
  28. Oliveira, T.G. de and Cassaro, K. 2005. Guia de campo dos felinos do Brasil. Instituto Pró-Carnívoros/Fundação Parque Zoológico de São Paulo/Sociedade de Zoológicos do Brasil/Pró-Vida Brasil, São Paulo, Brazil.
  29. Machado, A.B.M., Drummond, G.M. and Martins, C.S. 2005. Lista da Fauna Brasileira Ameaçada de Extinção: Incluindo as Espécies Quase Ameaçadas e Deficientes em Dados. Fundação Biodiversitas, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
  30. González, C.A.L., Brown, D.E. and Gallo-Reynoso, J.P. 2003. The ocelot <i>Leopardus pardalis</i> in north-western Mexico: ecology, distribution and conservation status. <i>Oryx</i> 37(3): 358-364.
Évaluateurs & contributeurs (3)Expert
assessor
Paviolo, A., Crawshaw, P., Caso, A., de Oliveira, T., Lopez-Gonzalez, C.A., Kelly, M., De Angelo, C. & Payan, E.
contributor
Di Blanco, Y., Quiroga, V., Cruz, P., Leite-Pitman, M.R.P., Eizirik, E. & Valderrama, C.
evaluator
Nowell, K., Hunter, L., Schipper, J., Breitenmoser-Würsten, C., Lanz, T. & Breitenmoser, U.
1 erratum publié après l'évaluation.

Paviolo, A., Crawshaw, P., Caso, A., de Oliveira, T., Lopez-Gonzalez, C.A., Kelly, M., De Angelo, C. & Payan, E. 2015. Leopardus pardalis (errata version published in 2016). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T11509A97212355. Accessed on 05 May 2026.

Traits biologiques

22 valeurs · 7 sources

Morphologie(4)

Masse adulte
8,8 kg
AnAge
Longueur
-999 mm
PanTHERIA
Masse naissance
256 g
AnAge
Masse au sevrage
3,4 kg
AnAge

Cycle de vie(1)

Longévité max
28 ans
AnAge
Voir 17 traits de plus (3 catégories)

Reproduction(6)

Maturité sexuelle
1,6 ans
AnAge
Gestation
2,5 mois
AnAge
Intervalle naissances
1,2 ans
AnAge
Taille de portée
2
AnAge
Portées par an
1
AnAge
Sevrage
3,5 mois
AnAge

Écologie & habitat(9)

Fruits (%)
0 %
elton_mammals
Invertébrés (%)
0 %
elton_mammals
Nectar (%)
0 %
elton_mammals
Autre végétal (%)
0 %
elton_mammals
Charognard (%)
0 %
elton_mammals
Graines (%)
0 %
elton_mammals
Vert. ectothermes (%)
20 %
elton_mammals
Vert. endothermes (%)
70 %
elton_mammals
Poissons (%)
10 %
elton_mammals

Divers(2)

Température corporelle
38 °C
AnAge
Taux métabolique
17.37 W
AnAge

Sources priorisées par qualité scientifique (peer-reviewed spécialisées → Wikidata fallback). Unités auto-converties, valeur max retenue en cas de mesures multiples. Méthodologie · Citations.

Répartition mondiale (heatmap GBIF)Construction en cours

0 obs · 0 cellules
Construction par partitions temporelles GBIF0%

Source : GBIF — observations agrégées par hexagones 0.2° × 0.2° (~22km). Filtre qualité : précision coordonnée < 10 km. Coloration quantile (q50/70/90/99). Fond carte : OpenFreeMap · © OpenStreetMap.

Distribution mondiale

Calcul de la distribution GBIF· ~10–60 s

Phénologie

Calcul du calendrier d'apparition· ~5–30 s

Consulter sur les bases externes

Observations & statuts

Cartographie

Bibliographie

Note nomenclaturale & synonymesExpert

Note nomenclaturale

TAXREF v18 — INPN/MNHN

Synonymes (2)— redirigent vers cette page

  • Felis onca pardalisLinnaeus, 1758
  • Felis pardalisLinnaeus, 1758

Sources : Catalogue of Life Cross-References (synonymes) · TAXREF v18 INPN/MNHN (commentaires FR).