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Lion de mer Steller
Eumetopias jubatus(Schreber, 1776)
5 photos · Licences CC (Wikimedia Commons / iNaturalist)Click pour agrandir
Description
espèce de mammifères
Source : Wikidata
Pays · région · aire protégée · écorégion · biome
Chargement du graphe…
Indicateurs du réseau écologique
Comment lire ce graphe
Ce graphe représente les interactions écologiques documentées entre Eumetopias jubatus et d'autres espèces, à partir de la base GloBI (Global Biotic Interactions, agrégation mondiale de la littérature scientifique) — source principale, complétée par d'autres jeux de données d'interactions agrégés par Ontologia. Il faut le comprendre comme une carte du savoir documenté, pas une carte de la réalité écologique exhaustive.
Limites principales
- Incomplet. La majorité des interactions écologiques en milieu naturel n'ont jamais été publiées. Une espèce sans liens visibles n'est pas isolée — elle est probablement mal étudiée.
- Biais publication pharmaco-agronomique. La littérature des interactions est polarisée par les enjeux économiques et sanitaires : parasitism / pathogen sur-pondéré sur les mammifères (recherche zoonoses, vecteurs), herbivory sur-pondéré sur les insectes phytophages (entomologie agronomique). À l'inverse, mutualisms, commensalisms et interactions sol/microbiote sont sous-cités. Conseil de lecture : sur les hubs mammifères ou les insectes ravageurs de culture, lire les arêtes parasitism / herbivory dominantes relativement au contexte de littérature, pas comme une mesure d'intensité écologique brute. Détails §10.1.
- Biaisé vers les espèces étudiées. Quelques espèces (oiseaux communs, abeille mellifère, espèces modèles) concentrent disproportionnellement plus d'interactions documentées. Notre score composite ajoute un malus aux hubs de littérature pour atténuer cette dominance visuelle.
- Interactions documentées globalement. Toutes les espèces affichées sont observées en France métropolitaine (les observations sont filtrées sur le territoire métropolitain), mais les interactions entre elles proviennent de la littérature scientifique mondiale. Une interaction documentée à l'étranger peut ne pas se réaliser à l'identique sur votre territoire. Le filtre « restreindre à ma commune » tient compte de la co-occurrence spatiale locale mais ne garantit pas l'interaction effective.
- Sans dimension temporelle. Les variations saisonnières (migration, floraison, cycle de vie) ne sont pas modélisées.
- Force d'interaction approximative. L'épaisseur des liens reflète le nombre de fois où l'interaction a été rapportée dans la littérature, pas son importance écologique réelle.
Comment nous sélectionnons les espèces affichées
Le graphe affiche au plus 31 nœuds par fiche (1 centre + 15 bulles depth=1 + 15 partenaires depth=2). Le serveur sélectionne intelligemment :
- Bulles famille créées si une cascade taxonomique existe ou si ≥3 espèces directement documentées partagent une même famille — les espèces sont absorbées dans la bulle (pas de doublon visuel)
- Espèces individuelles uniquement quand <3 dans une famille (sans cascade) — relations directes documentées
- Pas d'espèces inférées affichées en doublon — les cascades sont représentées via les bulles famille uniquement
- Partenaires depth=2 sélectionnés via algo priorité : candidat partagé par ≥2 docs de la famille (food web central) → reliant entre bulles → top sum_obs en dernier recours
- Sous-types GloBI traduits en français au survol de la flèche (chasse, parasite, parasitoïde, mycorhize…)
Le toggle Profondeur 1 ↔ 2 client-side cache ou affiche les partenaires depth=2 sans refetch. Filtres règne, type d'interaction, ordres/familles, patrimoniales et commune recalculent côté serveur (slow path live ~1-2 s).
Indicateurs avancés (mode expert) : Modularité Q (Newman 2006, PNAS), communautés (Louvain, Blondel et al. 2008, J. Stat. Mech.), nestedness NODF (Almeida-Neto et al. 2008, Oikos).
Source : GloBI · TAXREF v18 (INPN/MNHN) · BDC-Statuts · Wikidata
130 partenaires écologiques documentés directement dans GloBI.
Partenaires
130
Espèces avec interactions documentées
Types d'interactions
8
Prédation, pollinisation, parasitisme…
Connectance
0.067
Densité des liens dans le sous-graphe affiché
Rang animalia
98 %
Percentile vs ensemble des animalia
Liste rouge IUCN
NT · Quasi menacée↗Croissante- Évaluation
- 2016 · v3.1
- Altitude
- – 5 m
- Profondeur
- 427 – m
État de la populationTexte officiel évaluation IUCNExpert
The US National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) uses a Bayesian approach (agTrend; Johnson and Fritz 2014) to model all Steller Sea Lion survey data in the US range and to estimate the population trends presented here. Counts in the Alaska portion of the range are made from aircraft using standardized photographic methods. Counts in the Russian portion of the range are collected from shore or from small boats only.
Counts of Western Steller Sea Lions declined by approximately 69% between 1977 and 2007 (NMFS 2008). Using historical counts (NMFS 2008 and unpublished data; Burkanov and Loughlin 2005, Burkanov unpublished data) and the most recent data from counts made in 2015 (NMFS unpublished data, Burkanov et al. in press, Burkanov, unpublished data) the decline for 1985-2015 (three generations) is estimated to be approximately 62% in the USA and 50% for the entire population, including Russia. However, despite continued declines in the western Aleutian Islands, overall abundance has increased in both the USA (1.8% per year) and in Russia since the early 1990s (86% total increase between early 1990s to 2013/2015). Total abundance of the Western population is estimated to be approximately 79,929 in 2015 with 55,791 in the USA and 24,138 in Russia. The Loughlin’s Steller Sea Lion population has increased at an average rate of more than 3% per year since 1979. Total abundance of this subspecies in 2015 is estimated from regional data up to 2010, 2013, and 2015 is approximately 80,938 (NMFS unpublished data). When the two subspecies are combined, the global abundance of Steller Sea Lions is estimated to be approximately 160,867 in 2015, which is a reduction of 13% since 1985.
Population viability analyses have been conducted for the Western and Loughlin’s Steller Sea Lion subspecies but not for the species as a whole. However, given that abundance of both subspecies is currently increasing the probability of extinction is certainly less than 10% in 100 years.
Counts of Western Steller Sea Lions declined by approximately 69% between 1977 and 2007 (NMFS 2008). Using historical counts (NMFS 2008 and unpublished data; Burkanov and Loughlin 2005, Burkanov unpublished data) and the most recent data from counts made in 2015 (NMFS unpublished data, Burkanov et al. in press, Burkanov, unpublished data) the decline for 1985-2015 (three generations) is estimated to be approximately 62% in the USA and 50% for the entire population, including Russia. However, despite continued declines in the western Aleutian Islands, overall abundance has increased in both the USA (1.8% per year) and in Russia since the early 1990s (86% total increase between early 1990s to 2013/2015). Total abundance of the Western population is estimated to be approximately 79,929 in 2015 with 55,791 in the USA and 24,138 in Russia. The Loughlin’s Steller Sea Lion population has increased at an average rate of more than 3% per year since 1979. Total abundance of this subspecies in 2015 is estimated from regional data up to 2010, 2013, and 2015 is approximately 80,938 (NMFS unpublished data). When the two subspecies are combined, the global abundance of Steller Sea Lions is estimated to be approximately 160,867 in 2015, which is a reduction of 13% since 1985.
Population viability analyses have been conducted for the Western and Loughlin’s Steller Sea Lion subspecies but not for the species as a whole. However, given that abundance of both subspecies is currently increasing the probability of extinction is certainly less than 10% in 100 years.
Menaces identifiées(6 menaces classées CMP-IUCN)
11_1Habitat shifting & alterationCausing/Could cause fluctuationsWhole (>90%)Future5_4_1Intentional use: (subsistence/small scale) [harvest]Causing/Could cause fluctuationsMajority (50-90%)Ongoing5_4_4Unintentional effects: (large scale) [harvest]Causing/Could cause fluctuationsMajority (50-90%)Ongoing5_4_5Persecution/controlCausing/Could cause fluctuationsMinority (<50%)Ongoing7_3Other ecosystem modificationsCausing/Could cause fluctuationsWhole (>90%)Ongoing8_2Problematic native species/diseasesCausing/Could cause fluctuationsMinority (<50%)Ongoing
Description complète des menacesTexte détaillé évaluation IUCNExpert
The greatest threat to Loughlin’s Steller Sea Lions has been intentional culling in Southeast Alaska and Canada in the 1950s and 1960s. Those practices were discontinued in the early 1970s and the population has been increasing ever since. Some are killed in net fisheries off the west coast of North America. An unknown number may be shot during commercial fishing operations although it is generally believed that this source of mortality has been reduced greatly since the establishment of federal laws prohibiting killing of Sea Lions in Canada and the USA (NMFS 2013). The 2008 Steller Sea Lion Recovery Plan found that there were no apparent threats limiting the recovery of the Loughlin’s Steller Sea Lion population (NMFS 2008), and the increasing population trend confirms that conclusion.
The reasons for the large declines in Western Steller Sea Lion are unclear, but they have been the subject of intensive and ongoing investigations. Deliberate killing by fishermen, disease, incidental take by fisheries, and reduced food supply have been suggested as factors that may have contributed to the decline (Lowry et al. 1989, Loughlin and York 2000). In the 2008 Recovery Plan, the Steller Sea Lion Recovery Team identified and ranked threats to recovery using a weight of evidence approach to assess their relative impact (NMFS 2008). They recognized three threats as “potentially high”: environmental variability, competition with commercial fisheries, and Killer Whale predation. The fact that this subspecies has been increasing since 2000 indicates that at least some of the threats previously affecting the population have been reduced.
Habitats préférentiels (classification IUCN)
10_1Marine Oceanic - Epipelagic (0-200m)★12_1Marine Intertidal - Rocky Shoreline★13_1Marine Coastal/Supratidal - Sea Cliffs and Rocky Offshore Islands★9_1Marine Neritic - Pelagic★10_2Marine Oceanic - Mesopelagic (200-1000m)
Mesures de conservation recommandéesStratégies de conservation IUCNExpert
Western Steller Sea Lions are listed as vulnerable in the Threatened Wildlife of Japan Red Data Book. Hattori and Yamamura (2014) reported that over 200 Steller Sea Lions were culled annually between 1960-1993 to reduce predation on commercial fish stocks. Recent work indicates that the annual culling was then reduced to a limit of 116/year until 2010 at which time a new 5 year quota of 1,030 culled Sea Lions was imposed. This resulted in an increased annual average take (Matsuda et al. 2015). In 2015 approximately 400 Steller Sea Lions were reported to be culled in Japan (Yamamura et al. 2015). In Russia, the major Steller Sea Lion rookeries were given protection under the Northern Fur Seal and Sea Otter Conservation Act in the late 1950s. They were listed as endangered (category 2) in the Russian Red Data Book in 1994 and harvest was prohibited. These measures had a positive effect in the western portion of the range as the population increased around Sakhalin Island, the Kuril Islands, and in the northern Sea of Okhotsk. However, abundance along the eastern coast of Kamchatka and in the Commander Islands has not recovered for unknown reasons (V. Burkanov pers. comm.).
In the USA the Steller Sea Lion is listed as depleted under the US Marine Mammal Protection Act. The species was listed as threatened under the ESA in 1990, and in 1997 the western population was uplisted to endangered. A recovery plan for Steller Sea Lions was approved in 1992, and a revised recovery plan was published in 2008. Critical habitat was designated under the ESA in 1993. No-entry zones were established around rookeries at the time of listing, and fisheries, particularly those operating in critical habitat, have been managed to reduce the likelihood of competitive interactions. Substantial funding has been made available for Steller Sea Lion research to develop information on ecology, behavior, genetics, population dynamics, and movements. Results have been used to assist in the development of management activities, to attempt to understand the reasons for the decline, and to promote recovery of the species (NMFS 2008). The fact that the overall growth rate of the western population is now positive suggests that at least some of these conservation efforts have had a beneficial effect. A species status review conducted in 2013 found that the Loughlin’s Steller Sea Lion population increased more than 3% per year since the 1970s and therefore it was removed from the ESA threatened species list (NMFS 2013). The western population in the USA is still listed as endangered under the ESA.
In the USA the Steller Sea Lion is listed as depleted under the US Marine Mammal Protection Act. The species was listed as threatened under the ESA in 1990, and in 1997 the western population was uplisted to endangered. A recovery plan for Steller Sea Lions was approved in 1992, and a revised recovery plan was published in 2008. Critical habitat was designated under the ESA in 1993. No-entry zones were established around rookeries at the time of listing, and fisheries, particularly those operating in critical habitat, have been managed to reduce the likelihood of competitive interactions. Substantial funding has been made available for Steller Sea Lion research to develop information on ecology, behavior, genetics, population dynamics, and movements. Results have been used to assist in the development of management activities, to attempt to understand the reasons for the decline, and to promote recovery of the species (NMFS 2008). The fact that the overall growth rate of the western population is now positive suggests that at least some of these conservation efforts have had a beneficial effect. A species status review conducted in 2013 found that the Loughlin’s Steller Sea Lion population increased more than 3% per year since the 1970s and therefore it was removed from the ESA threatened species list (NMFS 2013). The western population in the USA is still listed as endangered under the ESA.
Actions de conservation (8)Conservation Actions Classification Scheme — IUCNExpert
1_1Site/area protection1_2Resource & habitat protection2_1Site/area management3_2Species recovery4_3Awareness & communications5_1_2National level5_2Policies and regulations5_4_2National level
Stress écologiques (17)Stresses Classification — IUCNExpert
1_1Ecosystem conversion1_2Ecosystem degradation1_2Ecosystem degradation1_3Indirect ecosystem effects1_3Indirect ecosystem effects2_1Species mortality2_1Species mortality2_1Species mortality2_1Species mortality2_1Species mortality2_1Species mortality2_2Species disturbance2_2Species disturbance2_3_2Competition2_3_2Competition2_3_7Reduced reproductive success2_3_7Reduced reproductive success
Usage & commerce (1)Use & Trade — IUCNExpert
1Food - humansubsistance
Priorités de recherche (4)Research Needed Classification — IUCNExpert
1_2Population size, distribution & trends1_5Threats3_1Population trends3_4Habitat trends
Niche IUCN globaleRealms · Systems · LMEs · Growth forms · FAOs — biogéographie IUCNExpert
Royaumes biogéographiques
NearcticPalearctic
Systèmes (terrestre/eau douce/marin)
TerrestrialMarine
Large Marine Ecosystems (LMEs)
Eastern Bering SeaWestern Bering SeaOyashio CurrentGulf of AlaskaCalifornia CurrentSea of Okhotsk
Zones de pêche FAO
Pacific - northwestPacific - northeastPacific - eastern central
Références bibliographiques (30)Sources scientifiques de l'évaluation IUCNExpert
- Burkanov V.N., Artemyeva, S.M., Hattori, K., Isono, T., Permyakov, P. A. and Tretyakov, A.V. in press. Results of a brief survey of Steller sea lions (<i>Eumetopias jubatus</i>) in the northern Sea of Okhotsk and the coast of Sakhalin Island, 2013. Proceedings of 8th International Conference Marine Mammals of Holarctic, September 22-27, 2014. Saint Petersburg, Russia.
- IUCN. 2016. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2016-1. Available at: <a href="www.iucnredlist.org">www.iucnredlist.org</a>. (Accessed: 30 June 2016).
- Altukhov, A.V., Andrews, R.D., Calkins, D.G., Gelatt, T.S., Gurarie, E.D., Loughlin, T.R., Mamaev, E.G., Nikulin, V.S., Permyakov, P.A., Ryazanov, S.D., Vertyankin, V.V. and Burkanov, V.N. 2015. Age specific survival rates of Steller sea lions at rookeries with divergent population trends in the Russian far east. <i>PLoS ONE </i> 10(5): e0127292. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0127292.
- Maniscalco, J.M., Springer, A.M., Atkinson, M.D. and Parker, P. 2015. Population trend and elasticities of vital rates for Steller sea lions (<i>Eumetopias jubatus</i>) in the Eastern Gulf of Alaska: A new life-history table analysis. <i>PLOS ONE </i> DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0140982.
- Yamamura, O., Kitakado, T., Hattori, K. and Isono, T. 2015. Management of Steller sea lion on the western coast of Hokkaido Island, Japan. <i>Vth International Wildlife Management Congress. Sapporo, Japan. July 2015</i>.
- Matsuda, H., Yamamura, O., Kitakado, T., Kobayashi, Y., Kobayashi, M., Hattori, K. and Kato, H. 2015. Beyond dichotomy in the protection of marine mammals in Japan. <i>Therya </i> 6: 283-296.
- Johnson, D.S. and Fritz, L. 2014. agTrend: a Bayesian approach for estimating trends of aggregated abundance. <i>Methods in Ecology and Evolution</i> 5: 1110-1115.
- Allen, B.M. and Angliss R.P. 2014. Alaska marine mammal stock assessments, 2013. U.S Department of Commerce National Marine Fisheries Service Technical Memorandum NMFSAFSC-277.
- Hattori, K. and Yamamura, O. 2014. Steller Sea Lion. Available at: <a href="http://kokushi.job.affrc.go.jp/H23/H23_55.pdf">http://kokushi.job.affrc.go.jp/H23/H23_55.pdf</a>.
- Horning, M. and Mellish, J.A. 2014. In cold blood: evidence of Pacific sleeper shark (<i>Somniosus pacificus</i>) predation on Steller sea lions (<i>Eumetopias jubatus</i>) in the Gulf of Alaska. <i>Fishery Bulletin</i> 112: 297-310.
- Committee on Taxonomy. 2014. List of marine mammal species and subspecies. Available at: <a href="www.marinemammalscience.org">www.marinemammalscience.org</a>. (Accessed: 25 November 2014).
- Fritz, L.W., Towell, R., Gelatt, T.S., Johnson, D.S. and Loughlin, T.R. 2014. Recent increases in survival of western Steller sea lions in Alaska and implications for recovery. <i>Endangered Species Research</i> 26: 13-24.
- Sinclair, E.H., Johnson, D.S., Zeppelin, T.K. and Gelatt, T.S. 2013. Decadal variation in the diet of Western Stock Steller sea lions (<i>Eumetopias jubatus</i>). U. S. Department of Commerce, NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-AFSC-248.
- Fadely, B.S., Gelatt, T., Lander, M.E., Haulena, M., Rea, L.D., Vollenweider, J.J., Mcdermott, S., Rehberg, M.J. and Beckmen, K. 2013. Remotely-delivered chemical immobilization of adult female Steller sea lions (<i>Eumetopias jubatus</i>) and post-handling foraging behaviors. Alaska Marine Science Symposium, Anchorage, Alaska. January 21-25, 2013: 207.
- National Marine Fisheries Service. 2013. Status Review of The Eastern Distinct Population Segment of Steller Sea Lion (<i>Eumetopias jubatus</i>). National Marine Fisheries Service, Juneau, Alaska, USA.
- Van de Kerk, M., de Kroon, H. Conde, D.A. and Jongejans, E. 2013. Carnivora population dynamics are as slow and fast as those of other mammals: implications for their conservation. <i>PLoS ONE </i> 8(8): e70354. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0070354.
- Fadely, B. and Lander, M. 2012. Satellite tracking of adult female Steller sea lions in the Western-Central Aleutian Islands reveals diverse foraging behaviors. Available at: <a href="http://www.afsc.noaa.gov/quarterly/ond2012/divrptsNMML1.htm">http://www.afsc.noaa.gov/quarterly/ond2012/divrptsNMML1.htm</a>.
- Hastings, K.K., Jemison, L.A., Gelatt, T.S., Laake, J.L., Pendleton, G.W., King, J.C., Trites, A.W. and Pitcher, K.W. 2011. Cohort effects and spatial variation in age-specific survival of Steller sea lions from southeastern Alaska. <i>Ecosphere</i> 2(10): 111.
- Lander, M.E., Loughlin, T.R., Logsdon, M.G., VanBlaricom, G.R. and Fadely. B.S. 2010. Foraging effort of juvenile Steller sea lions (<i>Eumetopias jubatus</i>) with respect to heterogeneity of sea surface temperature. <i>Endangered Species Research</i> 10: 145-158.
- Phillips, C.D., Bickham, J.W., Patton, J.C. and Gelatt, T.S. 2009. Systematics of Steller sea lions (<i>Eumetopias jubatus</i>): subspecies recognition based on concordance of genetics and morphometrics. <i>Occasional Papers, Museum of Texas Tech University</i> 283: 1-15.
- Loughlin, T.R. 2009. Steller sea lion <i>Eumetopias jubatus</i>. In: W.F. Perrin, B. Wursig and J.G.M. Thewissen (eds), <i>Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals</i>, pp. 1107-1110. Academic Press.
- Rehberg, M.J. and Burns, J.M. 2008. Differences in diving and swimming behavior of pup and juvenile Steller sea lions (<i>Eumetopias jubatus</i>) in Alaska. <i>Canadian Journal of Zoology</i> 86: 539-553.
- NMFS. 2008. Recovery Plan for the Steller Sea Lion (<i>Eumetopias jubatus</i>). Revision. National Marine Fisheries Service, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.
- Holmes, E. E., Fritz, L. W., York, A. E. and Sweeney, K. 2007. Age-structured modeling reveals long-term declines in the natality of western Steller sea lions. <i>Journal of Applied Ecology</i> 17: 2214-2232.
- Sigler, M.F., Hulbert, L.B., Lunsford, C.R., Thompson, N.H., Burek, K., O’Corry-Crowe, G. and Hirons, A.C. 2006. Diet of Pacific sleeper shark, a potential Steller sea lion predator, in the north-east Pacific Ocean. <i>Journal of Fish Biology</i> 69: 392-405.
- Pitcher, K.W., Rehberg, M.J., Pendleton, G.W., Raum-Suryan, K.L., Gelatt, T.S., Swain, U.G. and Sigler, M.F. 2005. Ontogeny of dive performance in pup and juvenile Steller sea lions in Alaska. <i>Canadian Journal of Zoology</i> 83: 1214-1231.
- Burkanov, V. N. and Loughlin, T. R. 2005. Distribution and abundance of Steller sea lions, (<i>Eumetopias jubatus</i>), on the Asian coast, 1720’s-2005. <i>Marine Fish Review</i> 67(2): 1-62.
- Fadely, B.S., Robson, B.W., Sterling, J.T., Greig, A. and Call, K.A. 2005. Immature Steller sea lion (<i>Eumetopias jubatus</i>) dive activity in relation to habitat features of the eastern Aleutian Islands. <i>Fisheries Oceanography</i> 14: 243-258.
- Holmes, E.E. and York, A.E. 2003. Using age structure to detect impacts on threatened populations: a case study with Steller sea lions. <i>Conservation Biology</i> 17: 1794-1806.
- Loughlin, T.R., Sterling, J.T., Merrick, R.L., Sease, J.L. and York, A.E. 2003. Diving behavior of immature Steller sea lions (<i>Eumetopias jubatus</i>). <i>Fishery Bulletin</i> 101: 566-582.
Évaluateurs & contributeurs (4)Personnes ayant contribué à l'évaluation IUCNExpert
assessor
Gelatt, T. & Sweeney, K.
contributor
Fritz, L. & Burkanov, V.
evaluator
Lowry, L.
facilitators
Lowry, L., Ahonen, H., Pollock, C.M., Chiozza, F. and Battistoni, A.
Gelatt, T. & Sweeney, K. 2016. Eumetopias jubatus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T8239A45225749. Accessed on 05 May 2026.
Traits biologiques
21 valeurs · 8 sources
Morphologie(5)
Cycle de vie(1)
Voir 15 traits de plus (2 catégories)Replier
Reproduction(6)
Écologie & habitat(9)
Sources priorisées par qualité scientifique (peer-reviewed spécialisées → Wikidata fallback). Unités auto-converties, valeur max retenue en cas de mesures multiples. Méthodologie · Citations.
Répartition mondiale
Aucune observation géoréférencée avec précision suffisante (<10 km) dans GBIF pour cette espèce.
Consulter sur les bases externes
Observations & statuts
Cartographie
Note nomenclaturale & synonymesDétails taxonomiques + synonymes CoLExpert
Note nomenclaturale
TAXREF v18 — INPN/MNHNSynonymes (3)— redirigent vers cette page
- Otaria stelleriiLesson, 1828
- Phoca jubataSchreber, 1776
- Phoca leoninasPallas, 1811
Sources : Catalogue of Life Cross-References (synonymes) · TAXREF v18 INPN/MNHN (commentaires FR).