Chloothamnus schmutzii

In Nunang, Flores, this bamboo is threatened by rice cultivation (E. Widjaja pers. comm. 2020). More than half of the Lesser Sundas deciduous forest ecoregion's natural habitat has been cleared, mainly for agriculture. In the dry season fires are lit to clear the understory and encourage new growth to feed domestic livestock (Wikramanayake et al. 2001). In the Sesok Important Bird area in Flores, where it occurs, there has been forest clearance for agriculture and timber, although agriculture appears, from satellite imagery (Google Earth 2020), to be only at lower elevations and affects only a small area. In 2012 the threat pressure was assessed as medium and the condition as near favourable (BirdLife 2020). The upper mountain slopes appear to be largely intact, although small scale logging can be difficult to detect in satellite imagery, and there is insufficient ecological information to evaluate any specific threats. In 1990 there was an estimate that only 18% of West Nusa Tenggara (Lombok to Sumbawa) was covered by semi-evergreen forest and that clearance and the burning of forest had a major impact on the vegetation (Butchart 1996). There are a number of ongoing threats on Sumbawa including conversion for coffee plantations (Wiriadinata et al. 2013), shifting cultivation (Johnstone et al. 1996), mining operations, logging and local firewood collection (Butchart 1996). The Mt Batulanteh forests are managed by the Batulanteh Production forest Management Unit and have been heavily disturbed by logging, with 56% of the Batulanteh forest area assigned primarily for production purposes. There has also been conversion to agricultural land, especially in lowland and lower montane areas, but some natural and regenerating forests remain (Mansur and Karawinata 2017).