Calanthe floresana

This orchid has been recorded from within the Ruteng Nature Recreation Park, a protected area. Although it is noted to have some ongoing threats from coffee plantations along its perimeter and at a few sites within the park, and some illegal logging/wood collection (Monk et al. 1997, Wiratno and Sukandar 2013), these are not thought to be leading to any continuing declines for this orchid and the park preserves some of the best montane and submontane forest on the island (Pattanayak and Wendland 2007). Mt Ranakah, within the park, is an active volcano. A new lava dome, named Anak Ranakah (Child of Ranakah) was formed in 1987 and it erupted again in 1991 and there was some activity in 2011 and 2012; an old lava scar is visible in satellite imagery (Google Earth 2020). It is a lava dome volcano which are prone to sudden onsets of violent explosive activity (Smithsonian Museum of Natural History 2020). Vegetation may be impacted by lava, smothered by ash falls, and atmospheric water and volcanic gas within an ash plume may also produce acid rain (USGS 2015). Studies have suggested potential impact zones encompass areas 12 km in diameter extending from the peak, with additional threat to valleys beyond this from pyroclastic flow (Wahyudin 2012); some known collection sites lie within the potential impact zone.