Bourdon des aconits
Bombus gerstaeckeriMorawitz, 1881
Pays · région · aire protégée · écorégion · biome
Chargement du graphe…
Indicateurs du réseau écologique
Comment lire ce graphe
Ce graphe représente les interactions écologiques documentées entre Bombus gerstaeckeri et d'autres espèces, à partir de la base GloBI (Global Biotic Interactions, agrégation mondiale de la littérature scientifique) — source principale, complétée par d'autres jeux de données d'interactions agrégés par Ontologia. Il faut le comprendre comme une carte du savoir documenté, pas une carte de la réalité écologique exhaustive.
Limites principales
- Incomplet. La majorité des interactions écologiques en milieu naturel n'ont jamais été publiées. Une espèce sans liens visibles n'est pas isolée — elle est probablement mal étudiée.
- Biais publication pharmaco-agronomique. La littérature des interactions est polarisée par les enjeux économiques et sanitaires : parasitism / pathogen sur-pondéré sur les mammifères (recherche zoonoses, vecteurs), herbivory sur-pondéré sur les insectes phytophages (entomologie agronomique). À l'inverse, mutualisms, commensalisms et interactions sol/microbiote sont sous-cités. Conseil de lecture : sur les hubs mammifères ou les insectes ravageurs de culture, lire les arêtes parasitism / herbivory dominantes relativement au contexte de littérature, pas comme une mesure d'intensité écologique brute. Détails §10.1.
- Biaisé vers les espèces étudiées. Quelques espèces (oiseaux communs, abeille mellifère, espèces modèles) concentrent disproportionnellement plus d'interactions documentées. Notre score composite ajoute un malus aux hubs de littérature pour atténuer cette dominance visuelle.
- Interactions documentées globalement. Toutes les espèces affichées sont observées en France métropolitaine (les observations sont filtrées sur le territoire métropolitain), mais les interactions entre elles proviennent de la littérature scientifique mondiale. Une interaction documentée à l'étranger peut ne pas se réaliser à l'identique sur votre territoire. Le filtre « restreindre à ma commune » tient compte de la co-occurrence spatiale locale mais ne garantit pas l'interaction effective.
- Sans dimension temporelle. Les variations saisonnières (migration, floraison, cycle de vie) ne sont pas modélisées.
- Force d'interaction approximative. L'épaisseur des liens reflète le nombre de fois où l'interaction a été rapportée dans la littérature, pas son importance écologique réelle.
Comment nous sélectionnons les espèces affichées
Le graphe affiche au plus 31 nœuds par fiche (1 centre + 15 bulles depth=1 + 15 partenaires depth=2). Le serveur sélectionne intelligemment :
- Bulles famille créées si une cascade taxonomique existe ou si ≥3 espèces directement documentées partagent une même famille — les espèces sont absorbées dans la bulle (pas de doublon visuel)
- Espèces individuelles uniquement quand <3 dans une famille (sans cascade) — relations directes documentées
- Pas d'espèces inférées affichées en doublon — les cascades sont représentées via les bulles famille uniquement
- Partenaires depth=2 sélectionnés via algo priorité : candidat partagé par ≥2 docs de la famille (food web central) → reliant entre bulles → top sum_obs en dernier recours
- Sous-types GloBI traduits en français au survol de la flèche (chasse, parasite, parasitoïde, mycorhize…)
Le toggle Profondeur 1 ↔ 2 client-side cache ou affiche les partenaires depth=2 sans refetch. Filtres règne, type d'interaction, ordres/familles, patrimoniales et commune recalculent côté serveur (slow path live ~1-2 s).
Indicateurs avancés (mode expert) : Modularité Q (Newman 2006, PNAS), communautés (Louvain, Blondel et al. 2008, J. Stat. Mech.), nestedness NODF (Almeida-Neto et al. 2008, Oikos).
Source : GloBI · TAXREF v18 (INPN/MNHN) · BDC-Statuts · Wikidata
34 partenaires écologiques documentés directement dans GloBI.
Partenaires
34
Espèces avec interactions documentées
Types d'interactions
6
Prédation, pollinisation, parasitisme…
Connectance
0.069
Densité des liens dans le sous-graphe affiché
Rang animalia
90 %
Percentile vs ensemble des animalia
Liste rouge IUCN
NT · Quasi menacéecritères B2b(iii)→Stable- Évaluation
- 2025 · v3.1
- Altitude
- – m
- Profondeur
- – m
État de la populationTexte officiel évaluation IUCNExpert
Ponchau et al. (2006) stress that the populations of the species can present very low densities. In the French Pyrenees, the species is relatively uncommon but each field trip performed in the last decades resulted in the observation of at least a few specimens.
In Switzerland, the French Alps and Italy, it is much more abundant and the threats on its habitats appear to be limited (C. Praz, pers. comm. 2023; P. Biella, pers. comm. 2023).
The realised niche of the species is likely to be strongly constrained by the presence of Aconitum species, which could contribute to explain the apparent fragmentation of the distribution of Bombus gerstaeckeri in some parts of its range.
In Switzerland, the French Alps and Italy, it is much more abundant and the threats on its habitats appear to be limited (C. Praz, pers. comm. 2023; P. Biella, pers. comm. 2023).
The realised niche of the species is likely to be strongly constrained by the presence of Aconitum species, which could contribute to explain the apparent fragmentation of the distribution of Bombus gerstaeckeri in some parts of its range.
Menaces identifiées(4 menaces classées CMP-IUCN)
11_2DroughtsRapid DeclinesMajority (50-90%)Ongoing2_3_2Small-holder grazing, ranching or farmingCausing/Could cause fluctuationsMinority (<50%)Ongoing12_1Other threatUnknownWhole (>90%)Unknown11_1Habitat shifting & alterationSlow, Significant DeclinesWhole (>90%)Ongoing
Description complète des menacesTexte détaillé évaluation IUCNExpert
In their synthetic book “Bumblebees of Europe and neighbouring regions”, Rasmont et al. (2021) expressed some concern about the conservation of Bombus gerstaeckeri. Data collected in the last decades suggest a low population density, a patchy distribution and an extreme forage specialisation that could act as threats to the species.
Results from climate and land use change modelling also suggest that B. gerstaeckeri is expected to lose a significant part of climatically suitable territories by the end of the century. Under the most severe climate change scenario modelled by Rasmont et al. (2015) (GRAS), the species could lose up to 76% of climatically suitable areas by 2100 (under a no dispersal model, and up to 46% under a full dispersal model). The latter authors placed the species into the category “High climate change risk”, reflecting the potential risk of climate change on this species. Projections of ecological niche models by Ghisbain et al. (2023), considering both land use change and climate change, also predict substantial reductions in ecologically suitable areas for B. gerstaeckeri in Europe by 2061-2080 (up to 42% under the SSP5-8.5 scenario). In addition, the potential for B. gerstaeckeri to successfully disperse in the areas that will remain climatically and/or ecologically suitable is probably very low, given that the species is trapped in high altitudes and strongly associated with its main forage plants (Aconitum spp.). It also remains unpredictable whether the areas that are projected to appear “suitable” for the species in the future will remain clear of additional anthropogenic stressors not considered in the models of Rasmont et al. (2015) and Ghisbain et al. (2023). These additional (and likely synergistic) pressures include infrastructure development (for tourism and transport), pesticide use, pollution (by nitrogen and its subsequent impact on nitrophobic flowering plants, or by heavy metals), the spread of exotic invasive plants, the invasion of managed species and subsequent pathogen spill-over, among other potential stressors known to substantially impact bumblebee populations.
It is also unclear whether climatic events not considered in the models of Rasmont et al. (2015) and Ghisbain et al. (2023), such as the increased occurrence of droughts, heat waves, or storms will also modify the future range of this species. The resistance of B. gerstaeckeri to acute heat stress is unknown. Previous works on another bumblebee model have demonstrated impaired cognition of these bees at elevated temperature (Gérard et al. 2022), as well as reduced fertility (Martinet et al. 2020), and research is needed as to whether B. gerstaeckeri would be similarly threatened by repeated exposures to such temperatures. In common with other alpine species, climate change could to reduce the area of suitable habitat available for B. gerstaeckeri in the future (Franzen and Ockinger 2011, Franzen and Molander 2012, Rasmont et al. 2015, Ghisbain et al. 2023).
Whether the flowering plants the species is most strongly associated with (Aconitum spp.) will remain sufficiently abundant in the future is also unknown. The decline of this resource would negatively affect the populations of B. gerstaeckeri in Europe.
Results from climate and land use change modelling also suggest that B. gerstaeckeri is expected to lose a significant part of climatically suitable territories by the end of the century. Under the most severe climate change scenario modelled by Rasmont et al. (2015) (GRAS), the species could lose up to 76% of climatically suitable areas by 2100 (under a no dispersal model, and up to 46% under a full dispersal model). The latter authors placed the species into the category “High climate change risk”, reflecting the potential risk of climate change on this species. Projections of ecological niche models by Ghisbain et al. (2023), considering both land use change and climate change, also predict substantial reductions in ecologically suitable areas for B. gerstaeckeri in Europe by 2061-2080 (up to 42% under the SSP5-8.5 scenario). In addition, the potential for B. gerstaeckeri to successfully disperse in the areas that will remain climatically and/or ecologically suitable is probably very low, given that the species is trapped in high altitudes and strongly associated with its main forage plants (Aconitum spp.). It also remains unpredictable whether the areas that are projected to appear “suitable” for the species in the future will remain clear of additional anthropogenic stressors not considered in the models of Rasmont et al. (2015) and Ghisbain et al. (2023). These additional (and likely synergistic) pressures include infrastructure development (for tourism and transport), pesticide use, pollution (by nitrogen and its subsequent impact on nitrophobic flowering plants, or by heavy metals), the spread of exotic invasive plants, the invasion of managed species and subsequent pathogen spill-over, among other potential stressors known to substantially impact bumblebee populations.
It is also unclear whether climatic events not considered in the models of Rasmont et al. (2015) and Ghisbain et al. (2023), such as the increased occurrence of droughts, heat waves, or storms will also modify the future range of this species. The resistance of B. gerstaeckeri to acute heat stress is unknown. Previous works on another bumblebee model have demonstrated impaired cognition of these bees at elevated temperature (Gérard et al. 2022), as well as reduced fertility (Martinet et al. 2020), and research is needed as to whether B. gerstaeckeri would be similarly threatened by repeated exposures to such temperatures. In common with other alpine species, climate change could to reduce the area of suitable habitat available for B. gerstaeckeri in the future (Franzen and Ockinger 2011, Franzen and Molander 2012, Rasmont et al. 2015, Ghisbain et al. 2023).
Whether the flowering plants the species is most strongly associated with (Aconitum spp.) will remain sufficiently abundant in the future is also unknown. The decline of this resource would negatively affect the populations of B. gerstaeckeri in Europe.
Habitats préférentiels (classification IUCN)
1_4Forest - Temperate★4_4Grassland - Temperate★
Mesures de conservation recommandéesStratégies de conservation IUCNExpert
This species is included in the National Red List of Germany (Extremely Rare; Westrich et al. 2011), Spain (Vulnerable, Verdú et al. 2011), Italy (Data Deficient/Least Concern; Quaranta 2018) and Slovenia (Rare; Anonymous 2002). Further research is required to investigate genetic bottle-necking and to monitor the fluctuations in localised populations. The future of this species is dependent on management of the specialised montane habitats (which are primarily in protected areas). It occurs in protected areas.
General efforts aimed at pollinator conservation may maintain Bombus gerstaeckeri populations. At macroscale in particular, suitable efforts include strengthened regulations about greenhouse gas emissions to mitigate the ongoing climate change and its subsequent impact on this species and other insects.
General efforts aimed at pollinator conservation may maintain Bombus gerstaeckeri populations. At macroscale in particular, suitable efforts include strengthened regulations about greenhouse gas emissions to mitigate the ongoing climate change and its subsequent impact on this species and other insects.
Actions de conservation (2)Conservation Actions Classification Scheme — IUCNExpert
1_2Resource & habitat protection4_3Awareness & communications
Stress écologiques (10)Stresses Classification — IUCNExpert
1_1Ecosystem conversion1_2Ecosystem degradation1_2Ecosystem degradation1_2Ecosystem degradation2_1Species mortality2_1Species mortality2_1Species mortality2_1Species mortality2_2Species disturbance2_3_3Loss of mutualism
Priorités de recherche (2)Research Needed Classification — IUCNExpert
1_2Population size, distribution & trends1_5Threats
Niche IUCN globaleRealms · Systems · LMEs · Growth forms · FAOs — biogéographie IUCNExpert
Royaumes biogéographiques
Palearctic
Systèmes (terrestre/eau douce/marin)
Terrestrial
Références bibliographiques (29)Sources scientifiques de l'évaluation IUCNExpert
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- Gérard, M., Amiri, A., Cariou, B. and Baird, E. 2022. Short-term exposure to heatwave-like temperatures affects learning and memory in bumblebees. <i>Global Change Biology</i> 28(14): 4251-4259. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.16196
- Rasmont, P., Ghisbain, G. and Terzo, M. 2021. <i>Bumblebees of Europe and neighbouring regions</i>. NAP Editions, Verrières-le-Buisson, France.
- Quaranta, M., Cornalba, M., Biella, P., Comba, M., Battistoni, A., Rondinini, C. and Teofili, C. 2018. Lista rossa IUCN delle api italiane minacciate. Comitato Italiano IUCN e Ministero dell’Ambiente e della Tutela del Territorio e del Mare, Roma.
- Proshchalykin, M.Y., Astafurova, Y.A., Schwarz, M., Levchenko, T.V. and Byvaltsev, A.M. 2017. New records for the bee fauna of Russia (Hymenoptera, Apiformes). <i>Far Eastern Entomologist</i> 337: 17-24.
- Rasmont P., Franzén M., Lecocq T., Harpke A., Roberts S.P.M., Biesmeijer J.C., Castro L., Cederberg B., Dvorák L., Fitzpatrick Ú., Gonseth Y., Haubruge E., Mahé G., Manino A., Michez D., Neumayer J., Ødegaard F., Paukkunen J., Pawlikowski T., Potts S.G., Reemer M., J. Settele, J. Straka, Schweiger O. 2015. Climatic Risk and Distribution Atlas of European Bumblebees. Biorisk 10 (<i>Special Issue</i>).
- Nieto, A., Roberts, S.P.M., Kemp, J., Rasmont, P., Kuhlmann, M., García Criado, M., Biesmeijer, J.C., Bogusch, P., Dathe, H.H., De la Rúa, P., De Meulemeester, T., Dehon, M., Dewulf, A., Ortiz-Sánchez, F.J., Lhomme, P., Pauly, A., Potts, S.G., Praz, C., Quaranta, M., Radchenko, V.G., Scheuchl, E., Smit, J., Straka, J., Terzo, M., Tomozii, B., Window, J. and Michez, D. 2014. <i>European Red List of bees</i>. Publication Office of the European Union, Luxembourg.
- Rasmont, P., Franzen, M., Lecocq, T., Harpke, A., Castro, L., Cederberg, B., Dvořák, L., Fitzpatrick, U., Gonseth, Y., Haubruge, E., Mahé, G., Manino, A., Neumayer, J., Ødegaard, F., Paukkunen, J., Pawlikowski, T., Reemer, M., Roberts, S.P.M., Straka, J. and Schweiger, O. 2014. <i>Climatic Risk Atlas of European Bumblebees</i>. Pensoft publishing, Sofia (in prep.).
- Franzén, M. and Molander, M. 2012. How threatened are alpine environments? a cross taxonomic study. <i>Biodiversity Conservation</i> 21: 517-526.
- Rasmont, P. and Iserbyt, S. 2012. The Bumblebees Scarcity Syndrome: Are heat waves leading to local extinctions of bumblebees (Hymenoptera: Apidae: <i>Bombus</i>)? <i>Annales de la Société entomologique de France (N.S.)</i> 48(3-4): 275-280.
- Westrich, P., Frommer, U., Mandery, K., Riemann, H., Ruhnke, H., Saure, C. and Voith, J. 2011. Rote Liste und Gesamtartenliste der Bienen (Hymenoptera, Apidae) Deutschlands - (5. Fassung, Dezember 2011) [Red List and complete species list of bees in Germany]. In: Bundesamt für Naturschutz (ed.), <i>Rote Liste der gefährdeter Tiere, Pflanzen und Pilze Deutschlands. Band 3: Wirbellose Tiere (Teil 1) [Red List of threatened animals, plants and fungi of Germany]</i>, pp. 371-416. Bonn.
- Verdú, J.R., Numa, C. and Galante, E. 2011. <i>Atlas y libro rojo de los invertebrados Amenazados de España (Especies Vulnerables)</i>. Dirección General de Medio Natural y Política Forestal, Ministerio de Medio Ambiente, Medio rural y Marino, Madrid.
- Franzén, M. and Ockinger, E. 2011. Climate-driven changes in pollinator assemblages during the last 60 years in an Arctic mountain region in Northern Scandinavia. <i> Journal of insect conservation</i> 16: 227-238.
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Évaluateurs & contributeurs (4)Personnes ayant contribué à l'évaluation IUCNExpert
assessor
Ghisbain, G., Praz, C., Rasmont, P., Williams, P., Cederberg, B., Devalez, J., Flaminio, S., Biella, P., Radchenko, V. & Dellicour, S.
contributor
Benrezkallah, J., Boustani, M., De Manincor, N., Michez, D. & Sentil, A.
evaluator
Tourbez, C.
facilitators
Bellotto, V., Put, S., Trottet, A. & Verëll, V.
Ghisbain, G., Praz, C., Rasmont, P., Williams, P., Cederberg, B., Devalez, J., Flaminio, S., Biella, P., Radchenko, V. & Dellicour, S. 2025. Bombus gerstaeckeri (Europe assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2025: e.T13340374A222008157. Accessed on 05 May 2026.
Répartition mondiale
Aucune observation géoréférencée avec précision suffisante (<10 km) dans GBIF pour cette espèce.
Consulter sur les bases externes
Note nomenclaturale & synonymesDétails taxonomiques + synonymes CoLExpert
Note nomenclaturale
TAXREF v18 — INPN/MNHNSynonymes (1)— redirigent vers cette page
- Bombus opulentusGerstäcker, 1869
Sources : Catalogue of Life Cross-References (synonymes) · TAXREF v18 INPN/MNHN (commentaires FR).