Bombus fragrans
(Pallas, 1771)
Pays · région · aire protégée · écorégion · biome
Chargement du graphe…
Indicateurs du réseau écologique
Comment lire ce graphe
Ce graphe représente les interactions écologiques documentées entre Bombus fragrans et d'autres espèces, à partir de la base GloBI (Global Biotic Interactions, agrégation mondiale de la littérature scientifique) — source principale, complétée par d'autres jeux de données d'interactions agrégés par Ontologia. Il faut le comprendre comme une carte du savoir documenté, pas une carte de la réalité écologique exhaustive.
Limites principales
- Incomplet. La majorité des interactions écologiques en milieu naturel n'ont jamais été publiées. Une espèce sans liens visibles n'est pas isolée — elle est probablement mal étudiée.
- Biais publication pharmaco-agronomique. La littérature des interactions est polarisée par les enjeux économiques et sanitaires : parasitism / pathogen sur-pondéré sur les mammifères (recherche zoonoses, vecteurs), herbivory sur-pondéré sur les insectes phytophages (entomologie agronomique). À l'inverse, mutualisms, commensalisms et interactions sol/microbiote sont sous-cités. Conseil de lecture : sur les hubs mammifères ou les insectes ravageurs de culture, lire les arêtes parasitism / herbivory dominantes relativement au contexte de littérature, pas comme une mesure d'intensité écologique brute. Détails §10.1.
- Biaisé vers les espèces étudiées. Quelques espèces (oiseaux communs, abeille mellifère, espèces modèles) concentrent disproportionnellement plus d'interactions documentées. Notre score composite ajoute un malus aux hubs de littérature pour atténuer cette dominance visuelle.
- Interactions documentées globalement. Toutes les espèces affichées sont observées en France métropolitaine (les observations sont filtrées sur le territoire métropolitain), mais les interactions entre elles proviennent de la littérature scientifique mondiale. Une interaction documentée à l'étranger peut ne pas se réaliser à l'identique sur votre territoire. Le filtre « restreindre à ma commune » tient compte de la co-occurrence spatiale locale mais ne garantit pas l'interaction effective.
- Sans dimension temporelle. Les variations saisonnières (migration, floraison, cycle de vie) ne sont pas modélisées.
- Force d'interaction approximative. L'épaisseur des liens reflète le nombre de fois où l'interaction a été rapportée dans la littérature, pas son importance écologique réelle.
Comment nous sélectionnons les espèces affichées
Le graphe affiche au plus 31 nœuds par fiche (1 centre + 15 bulles depth=1 + 15 partenaires depth=2). Le serveur sélectionne intelligemment :
- Bulles famille créées si une cascade taxonomique existe ou si ≥3 espèces directement documentées partagent une même famille — les espèces sont absorbées dans la bulle (pas de doublon visuel)
- Espèces individuelles uniquement quand <3 dans une famille (sans cascade) — relations directes documentées
- Pas d'espèces inférées affichées en doublon — les cascades sont représentées via les bulles famille uniquement
- Partenaires depth=2 sélectionnés via algo priorité : candidat partagé par ≥2 docs de la famille (food web central) → reliant entre bulles → top sum_obs en dernier recours
- Sous-types GloBI traduits en français au survol de la flèche (chasse, parasite, parasitoïde, mycorhize…)
Le toggle Profondeur 1 ↔ 2 client-side cache ou affiche les partenaires depth=2 sans refetch. Filtres règne, type d'interaction, ordres/familles, patrimoniales et commune recalculent côté serveur (slow path live ~1-2 s).
Indicateurs avancés (mode expert) : Modularité Q (Newman 2006, PNAS), communautés (Louvain, Blondel et al. 2008, J. Stat. Mech.), nestedness NODF (Almeida-Neto et al. 2008, Oikos).
Source : GloBI · TAXREF v18 (INPN/MNHN) · BDC-Statuts · Wikidata
4 partenaires écologiques documentés directement dans GloBI.
Partenaires
4
Espèces avec interactions documentées
Types d'interactions
2
Prédation, pollinisation, parasitisme…
Connectance
0.139
Densité des liens dans le sous-graphe affiché
Rang animalia
59 %
Percentile vs ensemble des animalia
Liste rouge IUCN
VU · Vulnérablecritères B2ab(ii,iii,v)↘Décroissante- Évaluation
- 2025 · v3.1
- Altitude
- – m
- Profondeur
- – m
État de la populationTexte officiel évaluation IUCNExpert
The species has become increasingly rare, and appears to be in serious decline over much of its European range. The populations of Bombus fragrans were calculated to have declined by more than 50% in the last decades, likely because of agricultural intensification and the subsequent reduction of suitable habitat and the increasing impacts of climate change suggested to cause local population collapses in many other bumblebee species (Rasmont and Iserbyt 2012, P. Rasmont pers. comm. 2013, V. Radchenko pers. comm. 2013, Rasmont et al. 2014, Martinet et al. 2021). Due to its remarkable size, the queens of the species are subject to commercial collection in Ukraine (V. Radchenko pers. comm. 2012). Population declines in Susliks, whose old burrows are used by B. fragrans as nesting sites, could also contribute to the decline of this bee (Rasmont, pers. comm. 2014).
The intensity of the previously cited threats is not expected to decrease in the next decades, and it seems unlikely that the populations of B. fragrans will recover in the future. The strong association of the species to true steppes, a habitat which is highly unlikely to expand following the ongoing and future climate change, is expected to lead the species' populations to continue decreasing in the next decades in Europe (Rasmont et al. 2021). The species occurs in small subpopulations which are isolated from each other. Whilst there are no data to show whether these small subpopulations are viable, it is possible that they will not be viable in the long term and so it is precautionarily considered to be severely fragmented.
The intensity of the previously cited threats is not expected to decrease in the next decades, and it seems unlikely that the populations of B. fragrans will recover in the future. The strong association of the species to true steppes, a habitat which is highly unlikely to expand following the ongoing and future climate change, is expected to lead the species' populations to continue decreasing in the next decades in Europe (Rasmont et al. 2021). The species occurs in small subpopulations which are isolated from each other. Whilst there are no data to show whether these small subpopulations are viable, it is possible that they will not be viable in the long term and so it is precautionarily considered to be severely fragmented.
Menaces identifiées(6 menaces classées CMP-IUCN)
11_1Habitat shifting & alterationRapid DeclinesWhole (>90%)Ongoing11_2DroughtsRapid DeclinesWhole (>90%)Ongoing11_3Temperature extremesRapid DeclinesWhole (>90%)Ongoing2_1_3Agro-industry farmingRapid DeclinesWhole (>90%)Ongoing5_1_1Intentional use (species is the target)Rapid DeclinesMinority (<50%)Ongoing12_1Other threatSlow, Significant DeclinesMinority (<50%)Ongoing
Description complète des menacesTexte détaillé évaluation IUCNExpert
In their synthetic book “Bumblebees of Europe and neighbouring regions”, Rasmont et al. (2021) expressed concern about the conservation of Bombus fragrans. Data collected in the last decades suggest an unambiguous decline of the populations of this species in its European range.
Under the most severe climate change scenario modelled by Rasmont et al. (2015) (GRAS), the species could lose up to 98% of climatically suitable areas by 2100 (under a no dispersal model, and up to 50% under a full dispersal model). The latter authors placed the species into the category “Extremely high climate change risk”, reflecting the potential risk of climate change on this species. The potential for B. fragrans to successfully disperse in the areas that will remain climatically and/or ecologically suitable is unknown, but probably low given that the species is strongly associated with true steppe. It also remains unpredictable whether the areas that are projected to appear “suitable” for the species in the future will remain clear of additional anthropogenic stressors not considered in the models of Rasmont et al. (2015). These additional (and likely synergistic) pressures include infrastructure development (for tourism and transport), pesticide use, pollution (by nitrogen and its subsequent impact on nitrophobic flowering plants, or by heavy metals), the spread of exotic invasive plants, the invasion of managed species and subsequent pathogen spill-over, among other potential stressors known to substantially impact bumblebee populations.
It is also unclear whether climatic events not considered in the models of Rasmont et al. (2015), such as the increased occurrence of droughts, heat waves, or storms will also modify the future range of this species. The resistance of B. fragrans to acute heat stress is unknown. Previous works on another bumblebee model have also demonstrated impaired cognition of these bees at elevated temperature (Gérard et al. 2022), as well as reduced fertility (Martinet et al. 2020), and research is needed as to whether B. fragrans would be similarly threatened by repeated exposures to such temperatures. The impacts of climate change, including habitat alteration, droughts and especially the increasing frequency of heat waves, could cause local population collapses in this species (Rasmont and Iserbyt 2012).
Whether the flowering plants the species is most strongly associated with will remain sufficiently abundant in the future is also unknown. The decline of the species' main resources, associated with the decline of true steppes, could negatively affect the populations of B. fragrans in Europe. Along with many steppic species, the intensification of agriculture has reduced the area of available habitat. Reductions in populations of Susliks (Spermophilus spp.) (Mammalia; Sciuridae) could also pose a threat, as the nests of B. fragrans are associated with the burrows of ground-burrowing Susliks (cf. Rasmont et al. 2021).
This species is also one of the rare bumblebee species subject to commercial collection, which could cause pose a direct threat to its populations.
Under the most severe climate change scenario modelled by Rasmont et al. (2015) (GRAS), the species could lose up to 98% of climatically suitable areas by 2100 (under a no dispersal model, and up to 50% under a full dispersal model). The latter authors placed the species into the category “Extremely high climate change risk”, reflecting the potential risk of climate change on this species. The potential for B. fragrans to successfully disperse in the areas that will remain climatically and/or ecologically suitable is unknown, but probably low given that the species is strongly associated with true steppe. It also remains unpredictable whether the areas that are projected to appear “suitable” for the species in the future will remain clear of additional anthropogenic stressors not considered in the models of Rasmont et al. (2015). These additional (and likely synergistic) pressures include infrastructure development (for tourism and transport), pesticide use, pollution (by nitrogen and its subsequent impact on nitrophobic flowering plants, or by heavy metals), the spread of exotic invasive plants, the invasion of managed species and subsequent pathogen spill-over, among other potential stressors known to substantially impact bumblebee populations.
It is also unclear whether climatic events not considered in the models of Rasmont et al. (2015), such as the increased occurrence of droughts, heat waves, or storms will also modify the future range of this species. The resistance of B. fragrans to acute heat stress is unknown. Previous works on another bumblebee model have also demonstrated impaired cognition of these bees at elevated temperature (Gérard et al. 2022), as well as reduced fertility (Martinet et al. 2020), and research is needed as to whether B. fragrans would be similarly threatened by repeated exposures to such temperatures. The impacts of climate change, including habitat alteration, droughts and especially the increasing frequency of heat waves, could cause local population collapses in this species (Rasmont and Iserbyt 2012).
Whether the flowering plants the species is most strongly associated with will remain sufficiently abundant in the future is also unknown. The decline of the species' main resources, associated with the decline of true steppes, could negatively affect the populations of B. fragrans in Europe. Along with many steppic species, the intensification of agriculture has reduced the area of available habitat. Reductions in populations of Susliks (Spermophilus spp.) (Mammalia; Sciuridae) could also pose a threat, as the nests of B. fragrans are associated with the burrows of ground-burrowing Susliks (cf. Rasmont et al. 2021).
This species is also one of the rare bumblebee species subject to commercial collection, which could cause pose a direct threat to its populations.
Habitats préférentiels (classification IUCN)
4_4Grassland - Temperate★
Mesures de conservation recommandéesStratégies de conservation IUCNExpert
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following four European countries: the Czechia (Regionally Extinct; Hejda et al. 2017); Hungary (Critically Endangered; Sárospataki et al. 2005); Moldova (Critically Endangered; Anonymous 2002) and Ukraine (Endangered; Monchenko et al. 2009). This species was previously listed in the National Red List of the Czechia (Regionally Extinct; Farkac et al. 2005). It is not known if the species occurs in any protected area.
General efforts aimed at pollinator conservation may maintain B. fragrans populations. At local scales, appropriate conservation efforts include low-intensity grassland management (i.e. reduced grazing or cutting frequency) offering B. fragrans an adequate vegetation structure for nesting, foraging, mating and overwintering. Suitable habitats should exhibit a very minimal to null exposure to land use stressors such as pesticides (insecticides, fungicides and herbicides), overgrazing, intensive plowing where the species builds its nest, and cutting plants before the peak of the flowering period (cf. the general works of Williamsand Osborne 2007, Goulson et al. 2008, Cameron and Sadd, 2020, Rasmont et al. 2021, Williams 2023 about bumblebee conservation). These areas should be connected to other stepping-stone habitats by ecological corridors to allow gene flow between populations of B. fragrans. At macroscale, suitable efforts include (i) strengthened regulations about greenhouse gas emissions to mitigate the ongoing climate change and its subsequent impact on bumblebees and other insects, (ii) strengthened regulations regarding pesticide use to address the contamination of ecosystems, (iii) robust mitigation strategies for protecting and restoring habitats across anthropogenically transformed land, (iv) the creation of highly-connected flower rich areas (within and across nations) that would constitute ecologically suitable shelters for B. fragrans and other insects, as well as hotspots of public awareness.
General efforts aimed at pollinator conservation may maintain B. fragrans populations. At local scales, appropriate conservation efforts include low-intensity grassland management (i.e. reduced grazing or cutting frequency) offering B. fragrans an adequate vegetation structure for nesting, foraging, mating and overwintering. Suitable habitats should exhibit a very minimal to null exposure to land use stressors such as pesticides (insecticides, fungicides and herbicides), overgrazing, intensive plowing where the species builds its nest, and cutting plants before the peak of the flowering period (cf. the general works of Williamsand Osborne 2007, Goulson et al. 2008, Cameron and Sadd, 2020, Rasmont et al. 2021, Williams 2023 about bumblebee conservation). These areas should be connected to other stepping-stone habitats by ecological corridors to allow gene flow between populations of B. fragrans. At macroscale, suitable efforts include (i) strengthened regulations about greenhouse gas emissions to mitigate the ongoing climate change and its subsequent impact on bumblebees and other insects, (ii) strengthened regulations regarding pesticide use to address the contamination of ecosystems, (iii) robust mitigation strategies for protecting and restoring habitats across anthropogenically transformed land, (iv) the creation of highly-connected flower rich areas (within and across nations) that would constitute ecologically suitable shelters for B. fragrans and other insects, as well as hotspots of public awareness.
Actions de conservation (2)Conservation Actions Classification Scheme — IUCNExpert
1_2Resource & habitat protection4_3Awareness & communications
Stress écologiques (10)Stresses Classification — IUCNExpert
1_2Ecosystem degradation1_2Ecosystem degradation1_2Ecosystem degradation1_2Ecosystem degradation2_1Species mortality2_1Species mortality2_1Species mortality2_1Species mortality2_1Species mortality2_3_3Loss of mutualism
Usage & commerce (1)Use & Trade — IUCNExpert
15Sport hunting/specimen collectingnational
Priorités de recherche (3)Research Needed Classification — IUCNExpert
1_2Population size, distribution & trends3_1Population trends3_3Trade trends
Niche IUCN globaleRealms · Systems · LMEs · Growth forms · FAOs — biogéographie IUCNExpert
Royaumes biogéographiques
Palearctic
Systèmes (terrestre/eau douce/marin)
Terrestrial
Références bibliographiques (17)Sources scientifiques de l'évaluation IUCNExpert
- IUCN. 2025. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2025-2. Available at: <a href="www.iucnredlist.org">www.iucnredlist.org</a>. (Accessed: 10 October 2025).
- Gérard, M., Amiri, A., Cariou, B. and Baird, E. 2022. Short-term exposure to heatwave-like temperatures affects learning and memory in bumblebees. <i>Global Change Biology</i> 28(14): 4251-4259. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.16196
- Martinet, B., Dellicour, S., Ghisbain, G., Przybyla, K., Zambra, E., Lecocq, T., Boustani, M., Baghirov, R., Michez, D. and Rasmont, P. 2021. Global effects of extreme temperatures on wild bumblebees. <i>Conservation Biology</i> 35: 1507-1518.
- Rasmont, P., Ghisbain, G. and Terzo, M. 2021. <i>Bumblebees of Europe and neighbouring regions</i>. NAP Editions, Verrières-le-Buisson, France.
- Martinet, B., Zambra, E., Przybyla, K., Lecocq, T., Anselmo, A., Nonclercq, D., Rasmont, P., Michez, D. and Hennebert, E. 2020. Mating under climate change: Impact of simulated heatwaves on the reproduction of model pollinators. <i>Functional Ecology - British Ecological Society</i> 35(3): 739-752. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.13738.
- Cameron, S.A. and Sadd, B.M. 2020. Global Trends in Bumble Bee Health. <i>Annual Review of Entomology</i> 65: 209-232.
- Hejda, R., Farkač, J. and Chobot, K. (eds.). 2017. <i>Červený seznam ohrožených druhů České republiky. Bezobratlí [Red List of threatened species of the Czech Republic. Invertebrates]</i>. Příroda, Praha.
- Rasmont, P., Franzén, M., Lecocq, T., Harpke, A., Roberts, S.P.M., Biesmeijer, J.C., Castro, L., Cederberg, B., Dvorák, L., Fitzpatrick, Ú., Gonseth, Y., Haubruge, E., Mahé, G., Manino, A., Michez, D., Neumayer, J., Ødegaard, F., Paukkunen, J., Pawlikowski, T., Potts, S.G., Reemer, M., Settele, J., Straka, J. and Schweiger, O. 2015. Climatic Risk and Distribution Atlas of European Bumblebees. <i>Pensoft</i>.
- Nieto, A., Roberts, S.P.M., Kemp, J., Rasmont, P., Kuhlmann, M., García Criado, M., Biesmeijer, J.C., Bogusch, P., Dathe, H.H., De la Rúa, P., De Meulemeester, T., Dehon, M., Dewulf, A., Ortiz-Sánchez, F.J., Lhomme, P., Pauly, A., Potts, S.G., Praz, C., Quaranta, M., Radchenko, V.G., Scheuchl, E., Smit, J., Straka, J., Terzo, M., Tomozii, B., Window, J. and Michez, D. 2014. <i>European Red List of bees</i>. Publication Office of the European Union, Luxembourg.
- Rasmont, P. and Iserbyt, S. 2012. The Bumblebees Scarcity Syndrome: Are heat waves leading to local extinctions of bumblebees (Hymenoptera: Apidae: <i>Bombus</i>)? <i>Annales de la Société entomologique de France (N.S.)</i> 48(3-4): 275-280.
- Williams, P.H., An, J. and Huang, J. 2011. The bumblebees of the subgenus <i>Subterraneobombus</i>: integrating evidence from morphology and DNA barcodes (Hymenoptera, Apidae, <i>Bombus</i>). <i>Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society</i> 163: 813-862.
- Monchenko, V.I., Ermolenko, V.M., Movchan, Y.V. and Szczerbak, M.M. 2009. <i>Red Data Book of Ukraine - Animal kingdom</i>. Global consulting, Kiev.
- Goulson, D., Lye, G.C. and Darvil, B. 2008. Decline and conservation of bumble bees. <i>Annual Review of Entomology</i> 53: 11.1–11.18.
- Williams, P.H. and Osborne, J.L. 2007. Bumblebee vulnerability and conservation world-wide. <i>Apidologie</i> 40(3): 367-387.
- Sárospataki, M., Novák, J. and Molnár, V. 2005. Assessing the threatened status of bumble bee species (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in Hungary, Central Europe. <i>Biodiversity and Conservation</i> 14(10): 2437-2446.
- Farkac, J., Král, D. and Škorpík, M. 2005. List of threatened species in Czech Republic. Invertebrates. Available at: <a href="http://www.nationalredlist.org/site.aspx?&species=18217&pageid=116">http://www.nationalredlist.org/site.aspx?&species=18217&pageid=116</a>.
- Anonymous. 2002. Cartea Rosie a Republicii Moldova. Available at: <a href="http://bsapm.moldnet.md/BDcr/cr2.html">http://bsapm.moldnet.md/BDcr/cr2.html</a>.
Évaluateurs & contributeurs (4)Personnes ayant contribué à l'évaluation IUCNExpert
assessor
Ghisbain, G., Praz, C., Rasmont, P., Williams, P., Cederberg, B., Devalez, J., Flaminio, S., Biella, P., Radchenko, V. & Dellicour, S.
contributor
Benrezkallah, J., Boustani, M., De Manincor, N., Michez, D. & Sentil, A.
evaluator
Tourbez, C.
facilitators
Bellotto, V., Put, S., Trottet, A. & Verëll, V.
Ghisbain, G., Praz, C., Rasmont, P., Williams, P., Cederberg, B., Devalez, J., Flaminio, S., Biella, P., Radchenko, V. & Dellicour, S. 2025. Bombus fragrans (Europe assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2025: e.T13340369A222007910. Accessed on 05 May 2026.
Répartition mondiale
Aucune observation géoréférencée avec précision suffisante (<10 km) dans GBIF pour cette espèce.
Consulter sur les bases externes
Note nomenclaturale & synonymesDétails taxonomiques + synonymes CoLExpert
Note nomenclaturale
TAXREF v18 — INPN/MNHNSynonymes (5)— redirigent vers cette page
- Apis fragransPallas, 1771
- Bombus fragrans mongoloidesPittioni, 1939
- Bombus fragrans sulfureusSkorikov, 1908
- Bombus sericeusGistel, 1848
- Bombus sericeusGistel, 1852
Sources : Catalogue of Life Cross-References (synonymes) · TAXREF v18 INPN/MNHN (commentaires FR).