Bourdon alpin
Bombus alpinus(Linnaeus, 1758)
Pays · région · aire protégée · écorégion · biome
Chargement du graphe…
Indicateurs du réseau écologique
Comment lire ce graphe
Ce graphe représente les interactions écologiques documentées entre Bombus alpinus et d'autres espèces, à partir de la base GloBI (Global Biotic Interactions, agrégation mondiale de la littérature scientifique) — source principale, complétée par d'autres jeux de données d'interactions agrégés par Ontologia. Il faut le comprendre comme une carte du savoir documenté, pas une carte de la réalité écologique exhaustive.
Limites principales
- Incomplet. La majorité des interactions écologiques en milieu naturel n'ont jamais été publiées. Une espèce sans liens visibles n'est pas isolée — elle est probablement mal étudiée.
- Biais publication pharmaco-agronomique. La littérature des interactions est polarisée par les enjeux économiques et sanitaires : parasitism / pathogen sur-pondéré sur les mammifères (recherche zoonoses, vecteurs), herbivory sur-pondéré sur les insectes phytophages (entomologie agronomique). À l'inverse, mutualisms, commensalisms et interactions sol/microbiote sont sous-cités. Conseil de lecture : sur les hubs mammifères ou les insectes ravageurs de culture, lire les arêtes parasitism / herbivory dominantes relativement au contexte de littérature, pas comme une mesure d'intensité écologique brute. Détails §10.1.
- Biaisé vers les espèces étudiées. Quelques espèces (oiseaux communs, abeille mellifère, espèces modèles) concentrent disproportionnellement plus d'interactions documentées. Notre score composite ajoute un malus aux hubs de littérature pour atténuer cette dominance visuelle.
- Interactions documentées globalement. Toutes les espèces affichées sont observées en France métropolitaine (les observations sont filtrées sur le territoire métropolitain), mais les interactions entre elles proviennent de la littérature scientifique mondiale. Une interaction documentée à l'étranger peut ne pas se réaliser à l'identique sur votre territoire. Le filtre « restreindre à ma commune » tient compte de la co-occurrence spatiale locale mais ne garantit pas l'interaction effective.
- Sans dimension temporelle. Les variations saisonnières (migration, floraison, cycle de vie) ne sont pas modélisées.
- Force d'interaction approximative. L'épaisseur des liens reflète le nombre de fois où l'interaction a été rapportée dans la littérature, pas son importance écologique réelle.
Comment nous sélectionnons les espèces affichées
Le graphe affiche au plus 31 nœuds par fiche (1 centre + 15 bulles depth=1 + 15 partenaires depth=2). Le serveur sélectionne intelligemment :
- Bulles famille créées si une cascade taxonomique existe ou si ≥3 espèces directement documentées partagent une même famille — les espèces sont absorbées dans la bulle (pas de doublon visuel)
- Espèces individuelles uniquement quand <3 dans une famille (sans cascade) — relations directes documentées
- Pas d'espèces inférées affichées en doublon — les cascades sont représentées via les bulles famille uniquement
- Partenaires depth=2 sélectionnés via algo priorité : candidat partagé par ≥2 docs de la famille (food web central) → reliant entre bulles → top sum_obs en dernier recours
- Sous-types GloBI traduits en français au survol de la flèche (chasse, parasite, parasitoïde, mycorhize…)
Le toggle Profondeur 1 ↔ 2 client-side cache ou affiche les partenaires depth=2 sans refetch. Filtres règne, type d'interaction, ordres/familles, patrimoniales et commune recalculent côté serveur (slow path live ~1-2 s).
Indicateurs avancés (mode expert) : Modularité Q (Newman 2006, PNAS), communautés (Louvain, Blondel et al. 2008, J. Stat. Mech.), nestedness NODF (Almeida-Neto et al. 2008, Oikos).
Source : GloBI · TAXREF v18 (INPN/MNHN) · BDC-Statuts · Wikidata
128 partenaires écologiques documentés directement dans GloBI.
Partenaires
128
Espèces avec interactions documentées
Types d'interactions
5
Prédation, pollinisation, parasitisme…
Connectance
0.054
Densité des liens dans le sous-graphe affiché
Rang animalia
98 %
Percentile vs ensemble des animalia
Liste rouge IUCN
VU · Vulnérablecritères A3c→Stable- Évaluation
- 2025 · v3.1
- Altitude
- – m
- Profondeur
- – m
État de la populationTexte officiel évaluation IUCNExpert
Bombus alpinus is a boreal-alpine species largely associated with cool climates, both in high latitudes and high altitudes. In the Swiss Alps, the high-altitude populations of the species are not fragmented (C. Praz pers. comm. 2023). In Italy, specimens are found regularly but never in high abundance, and its habitat is increasingly fragmented by grazing and climate change (Quaranta et al. 2018). In Sweden, there is no sign of large-scale population decrease, but some populations west of Åre seem to have been lost (B. Cederberg pers. comm. 2023). The species is, however, susceptible to severe fluctuations in abundance in Scandinavia (B. Cederberg pers. comm. 2012). We are currently lacking recent records from the Carpathians.
Models predicting the effects of climate and land use change on this species suggest that this species could lose up to 25.6% of suitable habitat in the next 10 years (see detail in Threats text) (Rasmont et al. 2015, Ghisbain et al. 2023). Combined with additional threats not included in the model, it is possible that the species could lose up to 30% of suitable habitat in the next 10 years, and a population reduction of the same scale is suspected.
Models predicting the effects of climate and land use change on this species suggest that this species could lose up to 25.6% of suitable habitat in the next 10 years (see detail in Threats text) (Rasmont et al. 2015, Ghisbain et al. 2023). Combined with additional threats not included in the model, it is possible that the species could lose up to 30% of suitable habitat in the next 10 years, and a population reduction of the same scale is suspected.
Menaces identifiées(2 menaces classées CMP-IUCN)
11_1Habitat shifting & alterationSlow, Significant DeclinesWhole (>90%)Ongoing11_3Temperature extremesVery Rapid DeclinesWhole (>90%)Ongoing
Description complète des menacesTexte détaillé évaluation IUCNExpert
In their synthetic book “Bumblebees of Europe and neighbouring regions”, Rasmont et al. (2021) expressed concern about the conservation of B. alpinus, especially for the populations of the mountains of southern Europe. Climate change is likely to cause a decline in the amount of suitable habitat available for the species (Manino et al. 2007, Franzen and Ockinger 2011, Franzen and Molander 2012, Rasmont et al. 2014; B. Cederberg pers. comm. 2013, Biella et al. 2017).
Results from climate and land use change modelling also suggest that B. alpinus is expected to lose a significant part of climatically suitable territories by the end of the century. Under the most severe climate change scenario modelled by Rasmont et al. (2015) (GRAS), the species could lose up to 88% of climatically suitable areas by 2100 (under both a no dispersal and full dispersal model). The latter authors placed the species into the category “Very high climate change risk”, reflecting the potential risk of climate change on this species. Projections of ecological niche models by Ghisbain et al. (2023), considering both land use change and climate change, also predict substantial reductions in ecologically suitable areas for B. alpinus in Europe by 2061-2080 (up to 92% under the SSP5-8.5 scenario). In addition, the potential for B. alpinus to successfully disperse in the areas that will remain climatically and/or ecologically suitable is probably null, given its strict adaptation to the coldest areas of the continent. It also remains unpredictable whether the areas that are projected to appear “suitable” for the species in the future will remain clear of additional anthropogenic stressors not considered in the models of Rasmont et al. (2015) and Ghisbain et al. (2023). These additional (and likely synergistic) pressures include infrastructure development, pesticide use, pollution (by nitrogen and its subsequent impact on nitrophobic flowering plants, or by heavy metals), the spread of exotic invasive plants, the invasion of managed species and subsequent pathogen spill-over, among other potential stressors known to substantially impact bumblebee populations.
It is very likely that climatic events not considered in the models of Rasmont et al. (2015) and Ghisbain et al. (2023), such as the increased occurrence of droughts, heat waves, or storms will negatively impact the future range of this species. The work of Martinet et al. (2021) demonstrated that the resistance of B. alpinus to acute heat stress (measured as the average time the species resists to a thermal stress of 40°C) is very low. Previous works on another bumblebee model have demonstrated impaired cognition of these bees at elevated temperature (Gérard et al. 2022), as well as reduced fertility (Martinet et al. 2020), and research is needed as to assess whether B. alpinus would be similarly threatened by repeated exposures to such temperatures.
Whether the flowering plants the species is most strongly associated with will remain sufficiently abundant in the future is also unknown. The decline of the species' main resources could negatively affect the populations of B. alpinus in Europe.
Results from climate and land use change modelling also suggest that B. alpinus is expected to lose a significant part of climatically suitable territories by the end of the century. Under the most severe climate change scenario modelled by Rasmont et al. (2015) (GRAS), the species could lose up to 88% of climatically suitable areas by 2100 (under both a no dispersal and full dispersal model). The latter authors placed the species into the category “Very high climate change risk”, reflecting the potential risk of climate change on this species. Projections of ecological niche models by Ghisbain et al. (2023), considering both land use change and climate change, also predict substantial reductions in ecologically suitable areas for B. alpinus in Europe by 2061-2080 (up to 92% under the SSP5-8.5 scenario). In addition, the potential for B. alpinus to successfully disperse in the areas that will remain climatically and/or ecologically suitable is probably null, given its strict adaptation to the coldest areas of the continent. It also remains unpredictable whether the areas that are projected to appear “suitable” for the species in the future will remain clear of additional anthropogenic stressors not considered in the models of Rasmont et al. (2015) and Ghisbain et al. (2023). These additional (and likely synergistic) pressures include infrastructure development, pesticide use, pollution (by nitrogen and its subsequent impact on nitrophobic flowering plants, or by heavy metals), the spread of exotic invasive plants, the invasion of managed species and subsequent pathogen spill-over, among other potential stressors known to substantially impact bumblebee populations.
It is very likely that climatic events not considered in the models of Rasmont et al. (2015) and Ghisbain et al. (2023), such as the increased occurrence of droughts, heat waves, or storms will negatively impact the future range of this species. The work of Martinet et al. (2021) demonstrated that the resistance of B. alpinus to acute heat stress (measured as the average time the species resists to a thermal stress of 40°C) is very low. Previous works on another bumblebee model have demonstrated impaired cognition of these bees at elevated temperature (Gérard et al. 2022), as well as reduced fertility (Martinet et al. 2020), and research is needed as to assess whether B. alpinus would be similarly threatened by repeated exposures to such temperatures.
Whether the flowering plants the species is most strongly associated with will remain sufficiently abundant in the future is also unknown. The decline of the species' main resources could negatively affect the populations of B. alpinus in Europe.
Habitats préférentiels (classification IUCN)
4_1Grassland - Tundra★4_2Grassland - Subarctic★
Mesures de conservation recommandéesStratégies de conservation IUCNExpert
This species is included in the National Red Lists or Red Data Books of the following five European countries: Finland (Near Threatened; Punainen Kirja 2019); Germany (Regionally Extinct; Westrich et al. 2011); Italy (Endangered; Quaranta et al. 2018); Norway (Least Concern; Artsdatabanken 2021) and Sweden (Near Threatened; SLU Artdatabanken 2020). This species was listed in the previous National Red list of Finland in a different category (Least Concern; Rassi et al. 2010).
In Italy, B. alpinus is not the subject of targeted conservation actions; however, Biella et al. (2017) list a number of possible mitigation actions, including the protection of periglacial areas and the restriction of intensive grazing in areas suitable for the species. The species is known in several protected areas, including the Gran Paradiso and Stelvio National Parks and in the vicinity of the Alta Val Sesia and Alta Val Strona Nature Parks.
General efforts aimed at pollinator conservation may contribute to maintaining B. alpinus populations. In the high altitudes of the Alps, grazing and the development of tourist infrastructure should be carefully monitored. At the macroscale, suitable efforts include strengthened regulations about greenhouse gas emissions to mitigate the ongoing climate change and its subsequent impact on this species and other insects. Population and habitat monitoring are required to confirmed the modelled declines.
In Italy, B. alpinus is not the subject of targeted conservation actions; however, Biella et al. (2017) list a number of possible mitigation actions, including the protection of periglacial areas and the restriction of intensive grazing in areas suitable for the species. The species is known in several protected areas, including the Gran Paradiso and Stelvio National Parks and in the vicinity of the Alta Val Sesia and Alta Val Strona Nature Parks.
General efforts aimed at pollinator conservation may contribute to maintaining B. alpinus populations. In the high altitudes of the Alps, grazing and the development of tourist infrastructure should be carefully monitored. At the macroscale, suitable efforts include strengthened regulations about greenhouse gas emissions to mitigate the ongoing climate change and its subsequent impact on this species and other insects. Population and habitat monitoring are required to confirmed the modelled declines.
Actions de conservation (2)Conservation Actions Classification Scheme — IUCNExpert
1_2Resource & habitat protection4_3Awareness & communications
Stress écologiques (4)Stresses Classification — IUCNExpert
1_1Ecosystem conversion1_2Ecosystem degradation2_1Species mortality2_2Species disturbance
Priorités de recherche (4)Research Needed Classification — IUCNExpert
1_2Population size, distribution & trends1_5Threats3_1Population trends3_4Habitat trends
Niche IUCN globaleRealms · Systems · LMEs · Growth forms · FAOs — biogéographie IUCNExpert
Royaumes biogéographiques
Palearctic
Systèmes (terrestre/eau douce/marin)
Terrestrial
Références bibliographiques (24)Sources scientifiques de l'évaluation IUCNExpert
- IUCN. 2025. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2025-2. Available at: <a href="www.iucnredlist.org">www.iucnredlist.org</a>. (Accessed: 10 October 2025).
- Ghisbain, G., Thiery, W., Massonnet, F., Erazo, D., Rasmont, P., Michez, D. and Dellicour, S. 2023 (online). Projected decline in European bumblebee populations in the twenty-first century. <i>Nature</i> 628: 337-341.
- Gérard, M., Amiri, A., Cariou, B. and Baird, E. 2022. Short-term exposure to heatwave-like temperatures affects learning and memory in bumblebees. <i>Global Change Biology</i> 28(14): 4251-4259. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.16196
- Rasmont, P., Ghisbain, G. and Terzo, M. 2021. <i>Bumblebees of Europe and neighbouring regions</i>. NAP Editions, Verrières-le-Buisson, France.
- Artsdatabanken. 2021. Norsk rødliste for arter 2021. Available at: <a href="https://www.artsdatabanken.no/lister/rodlisteforarter/2021">https://www.artsdatabanken.no/lister/rodlisteforarter/2021</a>.
- Martinet, B., Dellicour, S., Ghisbain, G., Przybyla, K., Zambra, E., Lecocq, T., Boustani, M., Baghirov, R., Michez, D. and Rasmont, P. 2021. Global effects of extreme temperatures on wild bumblebees. <i>Conservation Biology</i> 35: 1507-1518.
- Martinet, B., Zambra, E., Przybyla, K., Lecocq, T., Anselmo, A., Nonclercq, D., Rasmont, P., Michez, D. and Hennebert, E. 2020. Mating under climate change: Impact of simulated heatwaves on the reproduction of model pollinators. <i>Functional Ecology - British Ecological Society</i> 35(3): 739-752. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.13738.
- SLU Artdatabanken. 2020. Rödlistade arter i Sverige 2020. SLU Artdatabanken, Uppsala.
- Williams, P.H., Berezin, M.V., Cannings, S.G., Cederberg, B., Ødegaard, F., Rasmussen, C., Richardson, L.L., Rykken, J., Sheffield, C.S., Thanoosing, C. and Byvaltsev, A.M. 2019. The arctic and alpine bumblebees of the subgenus <i>Alpinobombus</i> revised from integrative assessment of species’ gene coalescents and morphology (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Bombus). <i>Zootaxa</i> 4625: 1–68.
- Punainen Kirja (ed.). 2019. <i>The 2019 Red List of Finnish Species (Suomen lajien uhanalaisuus)</i>. pp. 708. Ministry of the Environment, Helsinki.
- Quaranta, M., Cornalba, M., Biella, P., Comba, M., Battistoni, A., Rondinini, C. and Teofili, C. 2018. Lista rossa IUCN delle api italiane minacciate. Comitato Italiano IUCN e Ministero dell’Ambiente e della Tutela del Territorio e del Mare, Roma.
- Martinet, B., Brasero, N., Lecocq, T., Biella, P., Valterová, I., Michez, D. and Rasmont, P. 2018. Adding attractive semio-chemical trait refines the taxonomy of <i>Alpinobombus</i> (Hymenoptera: Apidae). <i>Apidologie </i> 49: 838–851.
- Biella, P., Bogliani, G., Cornalba, M., Manino, A., Neumayer, J., Porporato, M., Rasmont, P. and Milanesi, P. 2017. Distribution patterns of the cold adapted bumblebee <i>Bombus alpinus</i> in the Alps and hints of an uphill shift (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Apidae). <i>Journal of Insect Conservation</i> 21: 357–366.
- Williams, P.H., Byvaltsev, A.M., Cederberg, B., Berezin, M.V., Ødegaard, F., Rasmussen, C., Richardson, L.L., Huang, J., Sheffield, C.S. and Williams, S.T. 2015. Genes suggest ancestral colour polymorphisms are shared across morpho-logically cryptic species in arctic bumblebees. <i>PLoS ONE</i> 10(e0144544).
- Rasmont, P., Franzén, M., Lecocq, T., Harpke, A., Roberts, S., Biesmeijer, J.C., Castro, L., Cederberg, B., Dvorak, L., Fitz-patrick, Ú., Gonseth, Y., Haubruge, E., Mahé, G., Manino, A., Neumayer, J., Ødegaard, F., Paukkunen, J., Pawlikowski, T., Potts, S.G., Reemer, M., Settele, J., Straka, J. and Schweiger, O. 2015. <i>Climatic Risk and Distribution Atlas of European Bumblebees</i>. Pensoft Publishers, Sofia, Bulgaria.
- Williams, P.H., Byvaltsev, A.M., Cederberg, B., Berezin, M.V., Ødegaard, F., Rasmussen, C., Richardson, L.L., Huang, J., Sheffield, C.S. and Williams, S.T. 2015. Genes suggest ancestral colour polymorphisms are shared across morphologically cryptic species in Arctic bumblebees. <i>PLoS One</i>.
- Nieto, A., Roberts, S.P.M., Kemp, J., Rasmont, P., Kuhlmann, M., García Criado, M., Biesmeijer, J.C., Bogusch, P., Dathe, H.H., De la Rúa, P., De Meulemeester, T., Dehon, M., Dewulf, A., Ortiz-Sánchez, F.J., Lhomme, P., Pauly, A., Potts, S.G., Praz, C., Quaranta, M., Radchenko, V.G., Scheuchl, E., Smit, J., Straka, J., Terzo, M., Tomozii, B., Window, J. and Michez, D. 2014. <i>European Red List of bees</i>. Publication Office of the European Union, Luxembourg.
- Franzén, M. and Molander, M. 2012. How threatened are alpine environments? a cross taxonomic study. <i>Biodiversity Conservation</i> 21: 517-526.
- Westrich, P., Frommer, U., Mandery, K., Riemann, H., Ruhnke, H., Saure, C. and Voith, J. 2011. Rote Liste und Gesamtartenliste der Bienen (Hymenoptera, Apidae) Deutschlands - (5. Fassung, Dezember 2011) [Red List and complete species list of bees in Germany]. In: Bundesamt für Naturschutz (ed.), <i>Rote Liste der gefährdeter Tiere, Pflanzen und Pilze Deutschlands. Band 3: Wirbellose Tiere (Teil 1) [Red List of threatened animals, plants and fungi of Germany]</i>, pp. 371-416. Bonn.
- Rassi, P., Hyvärinen, E., Juslén, A. and Mannerkoski, I. 2010. <i>Suomen lajien uhanalaisuus – Punainen kirja 2010 [The 2010 Red List of Finnish Species]</i>. Ympäristöministeriö & Suomen ympäristökeskus, Helsinki.
- Manino, A., Patetta, A., Porporato, M., Quaranta, M., Intoppa, F., Piazza, M.G. and Frilli, F. 2007. Bumblebee (<i>Bombus</i> Latreille, 1802) distribution in high mountains and global warming. <i>Redia </i> 90: 125-129.
- Svensson, B.G. and Bergström, G. 1979. Marking pheromones of <i>Alpinobombus</i> males. <i>Journal of Chemical Ecology</i> 5(4): 603-615.
- Løken, A. 1973. Studies on Scandinavian Bumble Bees (Hymenoptera, Apidae). <i>Norsk entomologisk Tidsskrift</i> 20(1): 1-218.
- Pittioni, B. 1942. Die boreoalpinen Hummeln und Schmarotzerhummeln (Hymen., Apidae, Bombinae). I. Teil. <i>Mitteilungen aus den Königlichen Naturwissenschaftlichen Instituten in Sofia</i> 15: 155-218.
Évaluateurs & contributeurs (4)Personnes ayant contribué à l'évaluation IUCNExpert
assessor
Ghisbain, G., Praz, C., Rasmont, P., Williams, P., Cederberg, B., Devalez, J., Flaminio, S., Biella, P., Radchenko, V. & Dellicour, S.
contributor
Benrezkallah, J., Boustani, M., De Manincor, N., Michez, D. & Sentil, A.
evaluator
Tourbez, C.
facilitators
Bellotto, V., Put, S., Trottet, A. & Verëll, V.
Ghisbain, G., Praz, C., Rasmont, P., Williams, P., Cederberg, B., Devalez, J., Flaminio, S., Biella, P., Radchenko, V. & Dellicour, S. 2025. Bombus alpinus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2025: e.T13152906A222209196. Accessed on 05 May 2026.
Répartition mondiale
Aucune observation géoréférencée avec précision suffisante (<10 km) dans GBIF pour cette espèce.
Consulter sur les bases externes
Note nomenclaturale & synonymesDétails taxonomiques + synonymes CoLExpert
Note nomenclaturale
TAXREF v18 — INPN/MNHNSynonymes (5)— redirigent vers cette page
- Apis alpinaLinnaeus, 1758
- Bombus helleriDalla Torre, 1882
- Bombus helleri collarisDalla Torre, 1882
- Bombus helleri var. collarisDalla Torre, 1882
- Bombus rufescensLepeletier de Saint-Fargeau [, 1835
Sources : Catalogue of Life Cross-References (synonymes) · TAXREF v18 INPN/MNHN (commentaires FR).