Ontologia

Bentinckia condapanna

Berry ex Roxb.

ENLR Monde (IUCN)
Pays · région · aire protégée · écorégion · biome

Graphe en cours d’indexation

Calcul du tissu écologique de Bentinckia condapanna.

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Liste rouge IUCN

EN · En dangercritères B2ab(iii,v)Décroissante
Évaluation complète
Évaluation
2025 · v3.1
Altitude
6221900 m
Profondeur
m
État de la populationExpert

Detailed population studies of this species are not available. However, the number of mature individuals is reported from some of the sites. 

Murukesh and Ashokan (2018) observed 76 mature individuals and 66 seedlings of Bentinckia condapanna distributed across a 500 m2 area in Shendurney forest range. Researchers observed that Agasthyamala area has a large subpopulation but other areas outside it have only small subpopulation sizes. Subpopulation in Mankulam, Munnar has only 20-30 mature individuals (K. Subin pers. comm. 2024), and that in Upper Manalar, Periyar Tiger Reserve has only 5 individuals (N. Page pers. comm. 2024). A large subpopulation in Kollam Trivandrum region inside the protected areas with 100-150 individuals. 

Based on known records and field observations, we suspect that there are between 40-50 subpopulations with an average of 30 mature individuals per subpopulation, giving a conservative estimate of 1,200-1,500 mature individuals in the population. Based on expert knowledge, even the largest subpopulations are unlikely to be larger than 300 mature individuals, thus even maximum population estimation does not exceed 15,000 individuals (R. Ramasubbu pers. comm. 2024). Agasthyamalai is the only region with larger populations while the others are small and scattered. Local experts suggest that fires and herbivory of saplings is leading to decline in the population. Thus we feel that the conservative estimate (1,200-1,500 mature individuals) is close to the actual population size.

Menaces identifiées(4 menaces classées CMP-IUCN)

  • 11_1
    Habitat shifting & alteration
    Causing/Could cause fluctuationsMinority (<50%)Ongoing
  • 2_1_2
    Small-holder farming
    UnknownUnknownPast, Unlikely to Return
  • 8_1_1
    Unspecified species
    UnknownMinority (<50%)Ongoing
  • 5_2_1
    Intentional use (species is the target)
    No declineMinority (<50%)Ongoing
Description complète des menacesExpert

Habitat loss due to invasive species is a major threat to this species. Changes in climate, including variations in temperature and rainfall, can significantly impact its regeneration. Some species of Ochlandra that live in the same habitat thrive better than B. condapanna in these conditions, thus encroaching the habitat of the palm. Invasion of its area of provenance by other floral species is identified as a major threat in their study (Aruna et al. 2014). Elephants consume the species, so increasing elephant population also affects the plant population. In some cases, the cane cutters going to the forests may harvest shoot tips as food. Over-exploitation of this palm species as food by local people and habitat destruction were considered to be the major barriers to its limited population in nature (Kaliamoorthi 2009), along with forest fires and the young leaves being consumed by elephants (Renuka et al. 1996). Kaliamoorthi (2009) observed that seed dormancy could lead to restricted numbers. Wood is used for making huts and pandals (roofing) (Renuka et al. 1996). 


Habitats préférentiels (classification IUCN)

  • 1_9Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane
  • 6Rocky areas (eg. inland cliffs, mountain peaks)
Mesures de conservation recommandéesExpert
It is present inside the protected areas in southern Western Ghats such as Anamalai Tiger Reserve, Kalakad Mundathurai Tiger Reserve, Kodaikanal Wildlife Sanctuary, Kanyakumari Wildlife Sanctuary in Tamil Nadu, Neyyar Wildlife Sanctuary, Periyar Tiger Reserve, Shendurney Wildlife Sanctuary in Kerala. It is also reported in three ex situ collections in Kerala and Tamil Nadu.
Actions de conservation (6)Expert
  • 1_1Site/area protection
  • 1_2Resource & habitat protection
  • 2_1Site/area management
  • 2_3Habitat & natural process restoration
  • 3_1_1Harvest management
  • 3_3_2Benign introduction
Stress écologiques (4)Expert
  • 1_1Ecosystem conversion
  • 1_2Ecosystem degradation
  • 2_1Species mortality
  • 2_2Species disturbance
Priorités de recherche (6)Expert
  • 1_2Population size, distribution & trends
  • 1_4Harvest, use & livelihoods
  • 1_6Actions
  • 2_1Species Action/Recovery Plan
  • 2_3Harvest & Trade Management Plan
  • 3_2Harvest level trends
Niche IUCN globaleExpert

Royaumes biogéographiques

Indomalayan

Systèmes (terrestre/eau douce/marin)

Terrestrial

Formes de croissance

Tree - large
Références bibliographiques (13)Expert
  1. IUCN. 2025. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2025-1. Available at: <a href="www.iucnredlist.org">www.iucnredlist.org</a>. (Accessed: 27 March 2025).
  2. Kadam, S.K., Mane, R.N., Tamboli, A.S., Gavade, S.K., Deshmukh, P.V., Lekhak, M.M., Choo Y.S., Pak, J.H. 2023. Cytogenetics, Typification, Molecular Phylogeny and Biogeography of Bentinckia (Arecoideae, Arecaceae), an Unplaced Indian Endemic Palm from Areceae. <i>Biology</i> 12: 233.
  3. Gnansekar, S., Vidhya, C., Sivarathinavel, R.A., Banu, S.S. 2022. Status and Distribution of <i>Bentinckia condapanna</i> Berry Ex Roxb (Arecaceae), An Endemic Endangered Palm Species of the Southern Western Ghats, Tamil Nadu. <i>Indian Forester</i> 147(12): 1176-1181.
  4. Murukesh, M. and Ashokan, A. 2018. Conserving the newly recorded Hill Arecanut Palm <i>Bentinckia condapanna</i> Berry ex Roxb (Arecaceae) population outside the natural forest as wildlife corridor. <i>Journal of Threatened Taxa</i> 10: 11351-11353.
  5. Basu, A., Sarkar, M.K., Muthukrishnan, A., Arockiasamy, D.I. 2014. Recovery Plan for <i>Bentinckia Condapanna</i> Berry - an Endemic and Threatened Tree Species (palm) of Tropical Semi- Evergreen forests in Southern Western Ghats, India. <i>Indian Forester</i> 140(5): 439-447.
  6. Abhilash, E.S. and Brijesh, S. 2013. Status of the rare palm <i>Bentinckia condapanna</i> Berry in two habitats of Goodrical Reserve Forests; Western Ghats of India. <i>Asia Pacific Journal of Environment Ecology and Sustainable Development</i> 1.
  7. Magesh, G. and Menon, A.R.R. 2011. Vegetation Status, Species Diversity and Endemism of Sulimudi Forests in Southern Western Ghats of Kerala, India. <i>Indian Forester</i> 137(3): 304-311.
  8. Bachman, S., Moat, J., Hill, A., de la Torre, J., Scott, B. 2011. Supporting Red List threat assessments with GeoCAT: geospatial conservation assessment tool. <i>ZooKeys</i> 150: 117-126.
  9. Kaliamoorthy, S. 2009. Studies on the seed germination in <i>Bentinckia condapana</i> Berry Ex Roxb. - An endangered and endemic palm of Western Ghats. <i>Journal of Non-Timber Forest Products</i> 16: 315-319.
  10. Ramesh, B.R., Pascal, J.P., Nouguier, C. 1997. <i>Atlas of endemics of the Western Ghats (India): distribution of tree species in the evergreen and semi-evergreen forests</i>. Institut français de Pondichéry, Pondicherry, India.
  11. Renuka, C., Bhat, K, Basha, S. 1996. Palm resources of Kerala and their utilisation. Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi, Thrissur.
  12. Manilal, K.S. and Renuka, C. 1983. Etymology of <i>Bentinckia condapanna</i>. <i>Principes</i> 27(3): 138-139.
  13. Bourdillon, T.F. 1908. <i>The Forest Trees of Travancore</i>. Travancore government press, Trivandrum.
Évaluateurs & contributeurs (4)Expert
assessor
N M, V.
evaluator
Gole, C.N. & Amitha Bachan, K.H.
facilitators
Watve, A.
institutions
IUCN SSC Western Ghats Plant Specialist Group

N M, V. 2025. Bentinckia condapanna. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2025: e.T38449A227711506. Accessed on 05 May 2026.

Répartition mondiale (heatmap GBIF)Construction en cours

0 obs · 0 cellules
Construction par partitions temporelles GBIF0%

Source : GBIF — observations agrégées par hexagones 0.2° × 0.2° (~22km). Filtre qualité : précision coordonnée < 10 km. Coloration quantile (q50/70/90/99). Fond carte : OpenFreeMap · © OpenStreetMap.

Distribution mondiale

Calcul de la distribution GBIF· ~10–60 s

Phénologie

Calcul du calendrier d'apparition· ~5–30 s

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Observations & statuts

Bibliographie