Arctocéphale de Juan Fernandez
Arctocephalus philippii(Peters, 1866)
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Description
espèce de mammifères
Source : Wikidata
Pays · région · aire protégée · écorégion · biome
Chargement du graphe…
Indicateurs du réseau écologique
Comment lire ce graphe
Ce graphe représente les interactions écologiques documentées entre Arctocephalus philippii et d'autres espèces, à partir de la base GloBI (Global Biotic Interactions, agrégation mondiale de la littérature scientifique) — source principale, complétée par d'autres jeux de données d'interactions agrégés par Ontologia. Il faut le comprendre comme une carte du savoir documenté, pas une carte de la réalité écologique exhaustive.
Limites principales
- Incomplet. La majorité des interactions écologiques en milieu naturel n'ont jamais été publiées. Une espèce sans liens visibles n'est pas isolée — elle est probablement mal étudiée.
- Biais publication pharmaco-agronomique. La littérature des interactions est polarisée par les enjeux économiques et sanitaires : parasitism / pathogen sur-pondéré sur les mammifères (recherche zoonoses, vecteurs), herbivory sur-pondéré sur les insectes phytophages (entomologie agronomique). À l'inverse, mutualisms, commensalisms et interactions sol/microbiote sont sous-cités. Conseil de lecture : sur les hubs mammifères ou les insectes ravageurs de culture, lire les arêtes parasitism / herbivory dominantes relativement au contexte de littérature, pas comme une mesure d'intensité écologique brute. Détails §10.1.
- Biaisé vers les espèces étudiées. Quelques espèces (oiseaux communs, abeille mellifère, espèces modèles) concentrent disproportionnellement plus d'interactions documentées. Notre score composite ajoute un malus aux hubs de littérature pour atténuer cette dominance visuelle.
- Interactions documentées globalement. Toutes les espèces affichées sont observées en France métropolitaine (les observations sont filtrées sur le territoire métropolitain), mais les interactions entre elles proviennent de la littérature scientifique mondiale. Une interaction documentée à l'étranger peut ne pas se réaliser à l'identique sur votre territoire. Le filtre « restreindre à ma commune » tient compte de la co-occurrence spatiale locale mais ne garantit pas l'interaction effective.
- Sans dimension temporelle. Les variations saisonnières (migration, floraison, cycle de vie) ne sont pas modélisées.
- Force d'interaction approximative. L'épaisseur des liens reflète le nombre de fois où l'interaction a été rapportée dans la littérature, pas son importance écologique réelle.
Comment nous sélectionnons les espèces affichées
Le graphe affiche au plus 31 nœuds par fiche (1 centre + 15 bulles depth=1 + 15 partenaires depth=2). Le serveur sélectionne intelligemment :
- Bulles famille créées si une cascade taxonomique existe ou si ≥3 espèces directement documentées partagent une même famille — les espèces sont absorbées dans la bulle (pas de doublon visuel)
- Espèces individuelles uniquement quand <3 dans une famille (sans cascade) — relations directes documentées
- Pas d'espèces inférées affichées en doublon — les cascades sont représentées via les bulles famille uniquement
- Partenaires depth=2 sélectionnés via algo priorité : candidat partagé par ≥2 docs de la famille (food web central) → reliant entre bulles → top sum_obs en dernier recours
- Sous-types GloBI traduits en français au survol de la flèche (chasse, parasite, parasitoïde, mycorhize…)
Le toggle Profondeur 1 ↔ 2 client-side cache ou affiche les partenaires depth=2 sans refetch. Filtres règne, type d'interaction, ordres/familles, patrimoniales et commune recalculent côté serveur (slow path live ~1-2 s).
Indicateurs avancés (mode expert) : Modularité Q (Newman 2006, PNAS), communautés (Louvain, Blondel et al. 2008, J. Stat. Mech.), nestedness NODF (Almeida-Neto et al. 2008, Oikos).
Source : GloBI · TAXREF v18 (INPN/MNHN) · BDC-Statuts · Wikidata
24 partenaires écologiques documentés directement dans GloBI.
Partenaires
24
Espèces avec interactions documentées
Types d'interactions
5
Prédation, pollinisation, parasitisme…
Connectance
0.052
Densité des liens dans le sous-graphe affiché
Rang animalia
87 %
Percentile vs ensemble des animalia
Liste rouge IUCN
LC · Préoccupation mineure↗Croissante- Évaluation
- 2015 · v3.1
- Altitude
- 0 – 5 m
- Profondeur
- 170 – 0 m
État de la populationTexte officiel évaluation IUCNExpert
The number of Juan Fernández Fur Seals harvested between 1793 and 1807 has been estimated to be in the order of millions (Busch 1985, Hubbs and Norris 1971) but no reliable estimates are available. By 1872, approximately 38,000 animals had been killed for the fur trade with China, and during 1801, “a single ship carried one million skins to the London Market” (Bush 1985). By 1891, the Juan Fernández Fur Seal population was estimated to be just 300-400 animals; by 1900 and until the middle of the 20th century the species was presumed extinct (Scheffer 1958, Hubbs and Norris 1971, Gerber and Hilborn 2001). In 1965, the species was rediscovered when small groups of Fur Seals were sighted on Alejandro Selkirk and Robinson Crusoe Islands (Bahamonde 1966, Aguayo 1979). The overall abundance of the Juan Fernández Fur Seal recovered from 750 individuals in 1969 to 32,278 in 2005. On Robinson Crusoe Island, the number of pups increased from 125 in 1983 to 2,732 in 2005. On Santa Clara the number of pups increased from 575 in 1998 to 1,325 in 2005, and on Alejandro Selkirk Island 548 pups were sighted in 1983 while 6,941 were observed in 2005 (Osman 2007).
In 2005, 63% of the total 10,998 pups were born on Alejandro Selkirk Island, which is the only clearly increasing colony (Osman 2007). Robinson Crusoe and Santa Clara populations are stable, suggesting that the quality of the breeding habitat may be important to the recovery of this species. Overall, the population is apparently stabilizing, as the per capita population growth rate oscillates between negative and positive values (Osman 2007). The current Juan Fernández Fur Seal population remains small and represents a much reduced fraction of its population prior to the seal exploitation period.
Mitochondrial DNA from 28 Fur Seals from both islands of Juan Fernández was used to evaluate the potential negative effect of the population bottleneck. Contrary to expectations, no significant reduction in genetic variability was identified (Goldsworthy et al. 2000). Similar results were obtained for the Guadalupe Fur Seal (Bernardi et al. 1998). However, when the genetic material from recent animals was compared to the genetic material from specimens collected prior to the seal exploitation, significantly reduced genetic variability was evident (Weber et al. 2004).
In 2005, 63% of the total 10,998 pups were born on Alejandro Selkirk Island, which is the only clearly increasing colony (Osman 2007). Robinson Crusoe and Santa Clara populations are stable, suggesting that the quality of the breeding habitat may be important to the recovery of this species. Overall, the population is apparently stabilizing, as the per capita population growth rate oscillates between negative and positive values (Osman 2007). The current Juan Fernández Fur Seal population remains small and represents a much reduced fraction of its population prior to the seal exploitation period.
Mitochondrial DNA from 28 Fur Seals from both islands of Juan Fernández was used to evaluate the potential negative effect of the population bottleneck. Contrary to expectations, no significant reduction in genetic variability was identified (Goldsworthy et al. 2000). Similar results were obtained for the Guadalupe Fur Seal (Bernardi et al. 1998). However, when the genetic material from recent animals was compared to the genetic material from specimens collected prior to the seal exploitation, significantly reduced genetic variability was evident (Weber et al. 2004).
Menaces identifiées(6 menaces classées CMP-IUCN)
11_1Habitat shifting & alterationFuture5_4_2Intentional use: (large scale) [harvest]Past, Unlikely to Return5_4_4Unintentional effects: (large scale) [harvest]Ongoing7_3Other ecosystem modificationsFuture9_2_1Oil spillsFuture9_4Garbage & solid wasteOngoing
Description complète des menacesTexte détaillé évaluation IUCNExpert
Juan Fernández Fur Seals were hunted to the brink of extinction by commercial sealers trading pelts in China. Intensive sealing began in the late 18th century and ended in the late 19th century when few seals could be found. Small numbers were seen in the early 20th century and the species was thought to have gone extinct shortly thereafter. The species was rediscovered in the mid- 20th century, and has since been making a slow comeback.
The limited population size and geographical range, coupled with the fact that the species passed through a genetic bottleneck, makes Juan Fernández Fur Seals vulnerable to catastrophic events and stress from disease outbreaks, oil spills, environmental regime shifts, disturbances, and fisheries. Seals have been sighted with plastic bands and fishing net debris around their necks since 1982 (Torres 1990). During the summers of 2003, 2004, and 2005, about 20 animals were sighted with scars around their necks and heads from entanglement in nets or marine debris. All age and sex categories were represented (Osman et al. 2007, Osman 2007). Mortality rate due to these entanglements is unknown. Pelagic fisheries that usually operate with little regulation may increase the vulnerability of this species, which spends most of its time offshore.
The effects of global climate change on Juan Fernández Fur Seals are uncertain. However, for a species that undertakes such long foraging trips during the pup dependency period any negative disruption of the ecosystem is likely to be a threat.
The limited population size and geographical range, coupled with the fact that the species passed through a genetic bottleneck, makes Juan Fernández Fur Seals vulnerable to catastrophic events and stress from disease outbreaks, oil spills, environmental regime shifts, disturbances, and fisheries. Seals have been sighted with plastic bands and fishing net debris around their necks since 1982 (Torres 1990). During the summers of 2003, 2004, and 2005, about 20 animals were sighted with scars around their necks and heads from entanglement in nets or marine debris. All age and sex categories were represented (Osman et al. 2007, Osman 2007). Mortality rate due to these entanglements is unknown. Pelagic fisheries that usually operate with little regulation may increase the vulnerability of this species, which spends most of its time offshore.
The effects of global climate change on Juan Fernández Fur Seals are uncertain. However, for a species that undertakes such long foraging trips during the pup dependency period any negative disruption of the ecosystem is likely to be a threat.
Habitats préférentiels (classification IUCN)
10_1Marine Oceanic - Epipelagic (0-200m)★12_1Marine Intertidal - Rocky Shoreline★13_1Marine Coastal/Supratidal - Sea Cliffs and Rocky Offshore Islands★9_1Marine Neritic - Pelagic★9_2Marine Neritic - Subtidal Rock and Rocky Reefs★
Mesures de conservation recommandéesStratégies de conservation IUCNExpert
Hunting of Juan Fernández Fur Seals has been prohibited since 1965 (Aguayo 1979). In 1978, the status of total protection was conferred to all Arctocephalus species in Chile (Torres 1987, Reijnders et al. 1993).
Actions de conservation (1)Conservation Actions Classification Scheme — IUCNExpert
2_1Site/area management
Stress écologiques (8)Stresses Classification — IUCNExpert
1_1Ecosystem conversion1_1Ecosystem conversion1_2Ecosystem degradation1_2Ecosystem degradation2_1Species mortality2_1Species mortality2_1Species mortality2_1Species mortality
Priorités de recherche (4)Research Needed Classification — IUCNExpert
1_2Population size, distribution & trends1_3Life history & ecology1_5Threats3_1Population trends
Niche IUCN globaleRealms · Systems · LMEs · Growth forms · FAOs — biogéographie IUCNExpert
Royaumes biogéographiques
Neotropical
Systèmes (terrestre/eau douce/marin)
TerrestrialMarine
Large Marine Ecosystems (LMEs)
Humboldt CurrentPacific Central American Coastal
Zones de pêche FAO
Pacific - southeast
Références bibliographiques (29)Sources scientifiques de l'évaluation IUCNExpert
- IUCN. 2015. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2015.2. Available at: <a href="www.iucnredlist.org">www.iucnredlist.org</a>. (Accessed: 23 June 2015).
- Avila, C.I., Alava, J.J. and Galvis Rizo, C.A. 2014. On the presence of a vagrant Juan Fernández fur seal (<i>Arctocephalus philippii</i>) in the Pacific coast of Colombia: a new extralimital record. <i>Maztozoología Neotropical</i> 21(1): 109-114.
- National Geographic-Oceana. 2013. Islas Desventuradas- Biodiversidad Marina y Propuesta de Conservación. Informe de la expedición “pristine seas”, febrero del 2013 . Available at: <a href="http://oceana.org/sites/default/files/reports/Desventuradas_final9-1.pdf">http://oceana.org/sites/default/files/reports/Desventuradas_final9-1.pdf</a>.
- Committee on Taxonomy. 2013. List of marine mammal species and subspecies. Updated 3 December 2013. Available at: <a href="http://www.marinemammalscience.org">http://www.marinemammalscience.org</a>. (Accessed: 3 July 2014).
- Nyakatura, K. and Bininda-Emonds, O.R.P. 2012. Updating the evolutionary history of Carnivora (Mammalia): a new species-level supertree complete with divergence time estimates. <i>BMC Biology</i> 10: 12.
- Berta, A. and Churchill, M. 2012. Pinniped taxonomy: review of currently recognized species and subspecies, and evidence used for their description. <i>Mammal Review</i> 42: 207-234.
- Committee on Taxonomy. 2011. List of marine mammal species and subspecies. Society for Marine Mammalogy. Available at: <a href="https://www.marinemammalscience.org/species-information/list-of-marine-mammal-species-subspecies/">https://www.marinemammalscience.org/species-information/list-of-marine-mammal-species-subspecies/</a>. (Accessed: 10 January 2012).
- Osman, L.P., Moreno, C.A. and Trites, A.W. 2010. Growth rates and differential investment in male and female Juan Fernández fur seal pups. <i>Journal of Mammalogy</i> 91(5): 1188–1196.
- Osman, L.P. 2007. Population status, distribution and foraging ecology of <i>Arctocephalus philippii</i> (Peters 1866) at Juan Fernández Archipelago. Ph.D. Dissertation. Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.
- Osman, L., Hucke-Gaete, R., Hückstädt, L., Sepúlveda, M. and Pavés, H. 2007. <i>Interacción operacional entre otáridos, pesquerías y salmonicultura en ecosistemas Marinos de Chile: un caso que necesita evaluación.</i> 28 al 29 de Noviembre de 2006, Bogota, Colombia.
- Higdon, J.W., Bininda-Emonds, O.R.P., Beck, R.M.D. and Ferguson, S.H. 2007. Phylogeny and divergence of the pinnipeds (Carnivora: Mammalia) assessed using a multigene dataset. <i>BMC Evolutionary Biology</i> 7: 216.
- Weber, D.S., Stewart, B.S. and Lehman, N. 2004. Genetic consequences of a severe population bottleneck in the Guadalupe fur seal (<i>Arctocephalus townsendi</i>). <i>Journal of Heredity</i> 95(2): 144-153.
- Brunner, S. 2003. Fur seals and sea lions (Otariidae): identification of species and taxonomic review. <i>Systematics and Biodiversity</i> 1: 339-439.
- Gerber, L.R. and Hilborn, R. 2001. Catastrophic events and recovery from low densities in populations of otariids: implications for risk of extinction. <i>Mammal Review</i> 31(2): 131-150.
- Goldsworthy S., Francis, J., Boness, D. and Fleischer, R. 2000. Variation in the mitochondrial control region in the Juan Fernandez fur seal. <i>The Journal of Heredity</i> 91(5): 371-377.
- Bernardi, G., Fain, S.R., Gallo-Reynoso, J.P., Figueroa-Carranza, A.L. and Le Boeuf, B.J. 1998. Genetic variability in Guadalupe fur seals. <i>Journal of Heredity</i> 89: 301-305.
- Sepúlveda, M.S. 1998. Hookworms (<i>Uncinaria</i> sp.) in Juan Fernández fur seal pups (<i>Arctocephalus philippii</i>) from Alejandro Selkirk Island, Chile. <i>Journal of Parasitology</i> 84(6): 1305-1307.
- Francis, J.M, Boness, D.J. and Ochoa-Acuna, H. 1998. A protracted foraging and attendance cycle in female Juan Fernandez fur seals. <i>Marine Mammal Science</i> 14(3): 552-574.
- Acuña, H.O. and Francis, J.M. 1995. Spring and summer prey of the Juan Fernández fur seal, <i>Arctocephalus philippii</i>. <i>Canadian Journal of Zoology</i> 73(8): 1444-1452.
- Reijnders, P., Brasseur, S., van der Toorn, J., van der Wolf, P., Boyd, I., Harwood, J., Lavigne, D. and Lowry, L. 1993. <i>Seals, fur seals, sea lions, and walrus. Status survey and conservation action plan</i>. IUCN Seal Specialist Group.
- Torres, D.N. 1990. Colares plásticos en lobos fines Antárcticos: Otra evidencia de contaminación. <i>Boletín Antártico Chileno</i> 10: 20-22.
- Majluf, P. and Reyes, J.C. 1989. The marine mammals of Peru: A review. In: D. Pauly, P. Muck, J. Meno and I. Tsukayama (eds), <i>The Peruvian upwelling ecosystem: Dynamics and interactions</i>, pp. 344-363. ICLARM Conference Proceedings 18, Callao, Peru.
- Torres, D.N. 1987. Juan Fernández fur seal, <i>Arctocephalus philippii</i>. In: J.P. Croxall and R.L. Gentry (eds), <i>Status, biology, and ecology of fur seals</i>, pp. 37-41. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administation Technical Report, National Marine Fisheries Service No. 51.
- Busch, B.C. 1985. <i>The war against the seals. A history of the North American Seal Fishery</i>. McGill-Queen´s University Press, Kingston, Canada.
- Aguayo, L.A. 1979. Juan Fernández fur seal. <i></i>In<i>: Mammals in the Seas, Vol. II: Pinniped species summaries and report on sirenians</i>, pp. 28-30. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.
- Repenning, C.A., Peterson, R.S. and Hubbs, C.L. 1971. Contributions to the systematics of the southern fur seals, with particular reference to the Juan Fernández and Guadalupe species. In: W.H. Burt (ed.), <i>Antarctic Pinnipedia</i>, pp. 1-34. Antarctic Research Series 18, American Geophysical Union, New York, USA.
- Hubbs, C.L. and Norris, K.S. 1971. Original teeming abundance, supposed extinction, and survival of the Juan Fernandez fur seal. In: W.H. Burt (ed.), <i>Antarctic Pinnipedia</i>, pp. 35-52. Antarctic Research Series 18, American Geophysical Union, New Yourk, USA.
- Bahamonde, N. 1966. El Mar y sus recursos. <i></i>In:<i>Económica de Chile: Primer Apéndice</i>, pp. 81-90. CORFO, Santiago, Chile.
- Scheffer, V.B. 1958. <i>Seals, sea lions and walruses: A review of the Pinnipedia</i>. Stanford University Press, Stanford, USA.
Évaluateurs & contributeurs (4)Personnes ayant contribué à l'évaluation IUCNExpert
assessor
Aurioles-Gamboa, D.
contributor
Kovacs, K.M.
evaluator
Trillmich, F., Bohórquez-Herrera, J. & Hernández-Camacho, J.
facilitators
Lowry, L., Ahonen, H., Chiozza, F. & Battistoni, A.
Aurioles-Gamboa, D. 2015. Arctocephalus philippii. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T2059A61953525. Accessed on 05 May 2026.
Traits biologiques
21 valeurs · 7 sources
Morphologie(5)
Cycle de vie(1)
Voir 15 traits de plus (2 catégories)Replier
Reproduction(6)
Écologie & habitat(9)
Sources priorisées par qualité scientifique (peer-reviewed spécialisées → Wikidata fallback). Unités auto-converties, valeur max retenue en cas de mesures multiples. Méthodologie · Citations.
Répartition mondiale
Aucune observation géoréférencée avec précision suffisante (<10 km) dans GBIF pour cette espèce.
Consulter sur les bases externes
Observations & statuts
Cartographie
Note nomenclaturale & synonymesDétails taxonomiques + synonymes CoLExpert
Note nomenclaturale
TAXREF v18 — INPN/MNHNSynonymes (1)— redirigent vers cette page
- Otaria philippiiPeters, 1866
Sources : Catalogue of Life Cross-References (synonymes) · TAXREF v18 INPN/MNHN (commentaires FR).