Alnus maritima
(Marshall) Muhl. ex Nutt.
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Pays · région · aire protégée · écorégion · biome
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Calcul du tissu écologique de Alnus maritima.
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Liste rouge IUCN
EN · En dangercritères B2ab(ii,iii,iv)→Stable- Évaluation
- 2016 · v3.1
- Altitude
- 0 – 100 m
- Profondeur
- – m
État de la populationTexte officiel évaluation IUCNExpert
The subpopulations of Alnus maritima probably represent remnants of a more widespread Pleistocene and post-Pleistocene distribution. This species is locally frequent along the Nanticoke River (Delaware and Maryland), and is known from a few other rivers and creeks nearby on the Delmarva Peninsula. This species is also known from two highly disjunct areas: two nearby perennial streams in the cross-timbers region of southern Oklahoma, and one population in Georgia.
Each subspecies has distinct genetic identity with a lack of gene flow among populations. Subpopulations of Seaside Alder appear stable in both Delaware (William McAvoy, Delaware Dept. of Natural Resources and Environment, pers. comm.) and Maryland (Chris Frye, Maryland Dept. of Natural Resources, pers. comm.). The other two subpopulations are also recorded as stable.
Each subspecies has distinct genetic identity with a lack of gene flow among populations. Subpopulations of Seaside Alder appear stable in both Delaware (William McAvoy, Delaware Dept. of Natural Resources and Environment, pers. comm.) and Maryland (Chris Frye, Maryland Dept. of Natural Resources, pers. comm.). The other two subpopulations are also recorded as stable.
Menaces identifiées(2 menaces classées CMP-IUCN)
11_1Habitat shifting & alterationUnknownUnknownFuture2_3_4Scale Unknown/UnrecordedUnknownUnknownOngoing
Description complète des menacesTexte détaillé évaluation IUCNExpert
A combination of threats impact upon the Alnus maritima complex, including climate change, grazing (run-off) and low genetic diversity (Jones and Gibson 2011), which are projected to cause decline in extent of occurrence, area of occupancy, quality of habitat and number of subpopulations. As sea levels rise due to climate change, salt water intrusions into the current fresh water tidal systems will threaten populations of seaside alder (William McVoy, Delaware Dept. of Natural Resources and Environment, pers. comm.).
Habitats préférentiels (classification IUCN)
5_1Wetlands (inland) - Permanent Rivers/Streams/Creeks (includes waterfalls)
Mesures de conservation recommandéesStratégies de conservation IUCNExpert
Ex situ collections exist for some subspecies, and parts of the distribution is within protected areas. Increased conservation measures, in situ and ex situ, are recommended. This species has a NatureServe ranking of Vulnerable. The reasons for this are its scattered range (small areas of Oklahoma, southwestern Delaware and adjacent eastern Maryland, and one areas in Georgia), with few sites overall. This species was listed as Rare in Delaware and Maryland, and Vulnerable in Oklahoma in the 1997 IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants and LR/nt in the World List of Threatened Trees in 1998.
For Alnus maritima subsp. maritima, there are currently no active conversation actions except for qualitative monitoring. The most practicable conservation measure to implement is ex situ conservation, seed collection, of Seaside Alder throughout its range in the Delmarva Peninsula.
For Alnus maritima subsp. georgiensis three experimental research populations have recently been established on protected lands to study the ability to establish additional populations. Ex situ collections have been established at the Atlanta Botanical Garden and the State Botanical Garden of Georgia. Ex situ seed collections have also been made (J. Mincy Moffett, Georgia Department of Natural Resources, pers. comm. 2013).
For Alnus maritima subsp. oklahomensis, the state of Oklahoma has a wildlife management area along the Blue River that contains a number of Oklahoma alders. The Nature Conservancy has also bought property along the Blue River. Conservation easements are being pursued to protect populations on both the Blue River and Pennington Creek. A graduate student is conducting research on the establishment of Oklahoma Alder on an island in the Blue River to determine if out-planting is a viable conservation action.
For Alnus maritima subsp. maritima, there are currently no active conversation actions except for qualitative monitoring. The most practicable conservation measure to implement is ex situ conservation, seed collection, of Seaside Alder throughout its range in the Delmarva Peninsula.
For Alnus maritima subsp. georgiensis three experimental research populations have recently been established on protected lands to study the ability to establish additional populations. Ex situ collections have been established at the Atlanta Botanical Garden and the State Botanical Garden of Georgia. Ex situ seed collections have also been made (J. Mincy Moffett, Georgia Department of Natural Resources, pers. comm. 2013).
For Alnus maritima subsp. oklahomensis, the state of Oklahoma has a wildlife management area along the Blue River that contains a number of Oklahoma alders. The Nature Conservancy has also bought property along the Blue River. Conservation easements are being pursued to protect populations on both the Blue River and Pennington Creek. A graduate student is conducting research on the establishment of Oklahoma Alder on an island in the Blue River to determine if out-planting is a viable conservation action.
Actions de conservation (2)Conservation Actions Classification Scheme — IUCNExpert
1_2Resource & habitat protection3_4_2Genome resource bank
Stress écologiques (4)Stresses Classification — IUCNExpert
1_1Ecosystem conversion1_1Ecosystem conversion1_2Ecosystem degradation1_2Ecosystem degradation
Niche IUCN globaleRealms · Systems · LMEs · Growth forms · FAOs — biogéographie IUCNExpert
Royaumes biogéographiques
Nearctic
Systèmes (terrestre/eau douce/marin)
TerrestrialFreshwater (=Inland waters)
Formes de croissance
Shrub - largeTree - small
Références bibliographiques (18)Sources scientifiques de l'évaluation IUCNExpert
- IUCN. 2016. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2016-3. Available at: <a href="www.iucnredlist.org">www.iucnredlist.org</a>. (Accessed: 07 December 2016).
- USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. 2013. Germplasm Resources Information Network, GRIN (Online database). Beltsville, Maryland Available at: <a href="http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/family.pl?144">http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/family.pl?144</a>. (Accessed: December 13).
- Govaerts, R. 2013. World Checklist of Betulaceae. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew Available at: <a href="http://www.kew.org/wcsp/">http://www.kew.org/wcsp/</a>.
- USDA, NRCS. 2013. The PLANTS Database. Greensboro, NC 27401-4901 USA Available at: <a href="http://plants.usda.gov/java/">http://plants.usda.gov/java/</a>.
- Jones, J.M. 2013. The strange range of seaside alder. <i>Arnoldia</i> 71(2): 2-11.
- NatureServe. 2013. NatureServe Explorer: An online encylopedia of life [web application]. Arlington, Virginia Available at: <a href="http://www.natureserve.org/explorer">http://www.natureserve.org/explorer</a>. (Accessed: 10 November 2013).
- NatureServe. 2013. NatureServe Explorer. An online encyclopedia of life (web application). Version 7.1. Arlington, Virginia Available at: <a href="www.natureserve.org/explorer">www.natureserve.org/explorer</a>.
- Missouri Botanical Garden. 2013. Tropicos. Missouri Available at: <a href="www.tropicos.org">www.tropicos.org</a>.
- Jones, J.M. and Gibson, J.P. 2011. Population genetic diversity and structure within and among disjunct populations of <i>Alnus maritima</i> (seaside alder) using microsatellites. <i>Conservation Genetics</i> 12: 1003-1013.
- The Plant List. 2010. The Plant List. Available at: <a href=" http://www.theplantlist.org/"> http://www.theplantlist.org/</a>. (Accessed: 2013).
- Rice, S.A. and Gibson, J.P. 2009. Is seedling establishment very rare in the Oklahoma seaside alder, <i>Alnus maritima</i> subsp. <i>oklahomensis</i>? <i>Oklahoma Native Plant Record</i> 9: 59-63.
- eFloras. 2008. Flora of North America. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA Available at: <a href="http://www.efloras.org/">http://www.efloras.org/</a>.
- Gibson, J.P., Rice, S.A. and Stucke, C.M. 2008. Comparison of population genetic diversity between a narrowly distributed and widespread species of <i>Alnus</i> (Betulaceae). <i>American Journal of Botany</i> 95: 588-596.
- Schrader, J.A., Graves, G.R., Rice, S.A. and Gibson, J.P. 2006. Differences in shade tolerance help explain varying success of two sympatric <i>Alnus</i> species. <i>International Journal of Plant Sciences</i> 167(5): 979-989.
- Schrader, J.A. and Graves, W.R. 2004. Systematics of <i>Alnus maritima</i> (seaside alder) resolved by ISSR polymorphisms and morphological characters. <i>Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science</i> 129(2): 231-236.
- Schrader, J.A. and Graves, W.R. 2002. Infraspecific systematics of <i>Alnus maritima</i> (Betulaceae) from three widely disjunct provenances. <i>Castanea</i> 67: 380-401.
- Oldfield, S., Lusty, C. and MacKinven, A. (compilers). 1998. <i>The World List of Threatened Trees</i>. World Conservation Press, Cambridge, UK.
- Furlow, J.J. 1979. The systematics of the American species of <i>Alnus</i> (Betulaceae). <i>Rhodora</i> 81: 1-121.
Évaluateurs & contributeurs (2)Personnes ayant contribué à l'évaluation IUCNExpert
assessor
Stritch, L., Roy, S., Shaw, K., Wilson, B. & Rivers, M.C.
evaluator
Oldfield, S.
Stritch, L., Roy, S., Shaw, K., Wilson, B. & Rivers, M.C. 2016. Alnus maritima. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T34053A2841625. Accessed on 05 May 2026.
Distribution mondiale
Calcul de la distribution GBIF· ~10–60 s
Phénologie
Calcul du calendrier d'apparition· ~5–30 s
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