Diardi's Clouded Leopard

Neofelis diardi(G. Cuvier, 1823)

Animal

VULR Monde (IUCN)

1 photo · Licences CC (Wikimedia Commons / iNaturalist)Click pour agrandir

Description

félin vivant à Bornéo et sur l'île de Sumatra

Source : Wikidata

Filtrer le graphe par contexte spatialPays · région · aire protégée · écorégion · biome

Chargement du graphe…

Indicateurs du réseau écologique

Comment lire ce graphe

Ce graphe représente les interactions écologiques documentées entre Neofelis diardi et d'autres espèces, à partir de la base GloBI (Global Biotic Interactions, agrégation mondiale de la littérature scientifique) — source principale, complétée par d'autres jeux de données d'interactions agrégés par Ontologia. Il faut le comprendre comme une carte du savoir documenté, pas une carte de la réalité écologique exhaustive.

Limites principales

Incomplet. La majorité des interactions écologiques en milieu naturel n'ont jamais été publiées. Une espèce sans liens visibles n'est pas isolée — elle est probablement mal étudiée.
Biais publication pharmaco-agronomique. La littérature des interactions est polarisée par les enjeux économiques et sanitaires : parasitism / pathogen sur-pondéré sur les mammifères (recherche zoonoses, vecteurs), herbivory sur-pondéré sur les insectes phytophages (entomologie agronomique). À l'inverse, mutualisms, commensalisms et interactions sol/microbiote sont sous-cités. Conseil de lecture : sur les hubs mammifères ou les insectes ravageurs de culture, lire les arêtes parasitism / herbivory dominantes relativement au contexte de littérature, pas comme une mesure d'intensité écologique brute. Détails §10.1.
Biaisé vers les espèces étudiées. Quelques espèces (oiseaux communs, abeille mellifère, espèces modèles) concentrent disproportionnellement plus d'interactions documentées. Notre score composite ajoute un malus aux hubs de littérature pour atténuer cette dominance visuelle.
Interactions documentées globalement. Toutes les espèces affichées sont observées en France métropolitaine (les observations sont filtrées sur le territoire métropolitain), mais les interactions entre elles proviennent de la littérature scientifique mondiale. Une interaction documentée à l'étranger peut ne pas se réaliser à l'identique sur votre territoire. Le filtre « restreindre à ma commune » tient compte de la co-occurrence spatiale locale mais ne garantit pas l'interaction effective.
Sans dimension temporelle. Les variations saisonnières (migration, floraison, cycle de vie) ne sont pas modélisées.
Force d'interaction approximative. L'épaisseur des liens reflète le nombre de fois où l'interaction a été rapportée dans la littérature, pas son importance écologique réelle.

Comment nous sélectionnons les espèces affichées

Le graphe affiche au plus 31 nœuds par fiche (1 centre + 15 bulles depth=1 + 15 partenaires depth=2). Le serveur sélectionne intelligemment :

Bulles famille créées si une cascade taxonomique existe ou si ≥3 espèces directement documentées partagent une même famille — les espèces sont absorbées dans la bulle (pas de doublon visuel)
Espèces individuelles uniquement quand <3 dans une famille (sans cascade) — relations directes documentées
Pas d'espèces inférées affichées en doublon — les cascades sont représentées via les bulles famille uniquement
Partenaires depth=2 sélectionnés via algo priorité : candidat partagé par ≥2 docs de la famille (food web central) → reliant entre bulles → top sum_obs en dernier recours
Sous-types GloBI traduits en français au survol de la flèche (chasse, parasite, parasitoïde, mycorhize…)

Le toggle Profondeur 1 ↔ 2 client-side cache ou affiche les partenaires depth=2 sans refetch. Filtres règne, type d'interaction, ordres/familles, patrimoniales et commune recalculent côté serveur (slow path live ~1-2 s).

Indicateurs avancés (mode expert) : Modularité Q (Newman 2006, PNAS), communautés (Louvain, Blondel et al. 2008, J. Stat. Mech.), nestedness NODF (Almeida-Neto et al. 2008, Oikos).

Source : GloBI · TAXREF v18 (INPN/MNHN) · BDC-Statuts · Wikidata

8 partenaires écologiques documentés directement dans GloBI.

Partenaires

Espèces avec interactions documentées

Types d'interactions

Prédation, pollinisation, parasitisme…

Connectance

0.096

Densité des liens dans le sous-graphe affiché

Rang animalia

74 %

Percentile vs ensemble des animalia

Liste rouge IUCN

VU · Vulnérablecritères A2c; C1↘Décroissante

Évaluation complète

Évaluation: 2015 · v3.1
Altitude: 0 – 1500 m
Profondeur: – m

État de la populationTexte officiel évaluation IUCNExpert

Our understanding of the Sunda Clouded Leopard’s population density on Borneo, and particularly in the Malaysian state of Sabah, has improved in recent years, with the advent of intensive, targeted camera traps surveys, analysed within a capture-recapture framework. Population density estimates from a range of forest types and elevations, and a gradient of disturbance are typically low (0.8 – 4.4 ind. / 100 km², with 6 of 10 surveys providing estimates of under 1.9 ind. / 100 km². All estimates from Sabah were derived using a spatially explicit capture recapture framework (SECR), from primary Dipterocarp forest, including lowland (Maliau Basin Conservation Area, 1.9 ind. / 100 km²: Brodie and Giordano 2012, Danum Valley Conservation Area, 1.76 ind. / 100 km²: Hearn, Ross and Macdonald unpublished data), upland (Tawau Hills National Park, 1.85 ind. / 100 km²: Hearn, Ross and Macdonald unpublished data) and submontane/montane (Crocker Range National Park, 1.4 ind. / 100 km²: Hearn, Ross and Macdonald unpublished data), population density estimates from selectively logged forests are more variable (Tangkulap-Pinangah Forest Reserve, 0.84 ind. / 100 km², Segaliud Lokan Forest Reserve, 1.0 ind. / 100 km²: Wilting et al. 2012, Ulu Segama Forest Reserve, 2.55 ind. / 100 km², Tabin Wildlife Reserve, 2.26 ind. / 100 km² (Hearn, Ross and Macdonald unpublished data). In Kalimantan, there are only two studies that have yielded population density estimates of the Sunda Clouded Leopard. Loken pers. comm. used SECR and provide estimates from the selectively logged Wehea Forest in East Kalimantan (1.23 to 3.01 ind. / 100 km²). Using a conventional capture recapture framework, which typically results in higher densities from that derived using SECR, Cheyne et al. (2013) provide density estimates for a population of Sunda Clouded Leopards residing within the Sabangau peat swamp, a disturbed peat swamp forest in Central Kalimantan (0.7-4.4 ind. / 100 km²). Additional Sunda Clouded Leopard focused surveys on Borneo failed to find any evidence of this species, including the relatively small (ca. 43 km²) and isolated Kabili-Sepilok Forest Reserve, Sabah (Ross et al. 2013, Hearn, Ross and Macdonald unpublished data) and several forest sites in Kalimantan (Cheyne et al. in prep). Such surveys highlight the potential patchy nature of Sunda Clouded Leopard presence across the forested landscape of Borneo. The population density of this felid on Sumatra has received less attention, but surveys are currently underway (I. Haidir pers comm, 2015), and four camera surveys undertaken within the Kerinci landscape present a similar pattern to that of Borneo, with densities ranging from 0.8 to 1.6 individuals / 100 km² (Sollmann et al. 2014).

A Maximum Entropy based habitat suitability analysis for Borneo, discussed in detail above, provided a total AOO of 451,900 km² (Borneo: 378,900 km², Sumatra: 73,000 km²). Acknowledging that our estimate of current AOO may be biased high as a result of unmeasured hunting pressure, a potentially patchy distribution, and further loss of forest post-2010, we take a precautionary approach and estimate that the mean density of the Sunda Clouded Leopard across its AOO may plausibly be as low as 1 individual / 100 km². Extrapolation of this estimate to the wider AOO suggests that the number of mature individuals range-wide could be around 4,500 individuals, with around 3,800 persisting in Borneo and as few as 730 individuals remaining in Sumatra.

Menaces identifiées(9 menaces classées CMP-IUCN)

1_1
Housing & urban areas
Ongoing
2_1_1
Shifting agriculture
Ongoing
2_1_2
Small-holder farming
Ongoing
2_1_3
Agro-industry farming
Ongoing
2_2_3
Scale Unknown/Unrecorded
Ongoing
2_3_2
Small-holder grazing, ranching or farming
Ongoing
5_1_1
Intentional use (species is the target)
Ongoing
5_1_2
Unintentional effects (species is not the target)
Ongoing
5_3_5
Motivation Unknown/Unrecorded
Ongoing

Description complète des menacesTexte détaillé évaluation IUCNExpert

Habitat loss due to commercial logging and conversion to oil palm plantations and the increasing threat from poaching pose the greatest threats to the Sunda Clouded Leopard. Oil palm plantations are likely to expand in the future as a result of the push for biofuels, and forest cover on the island of Borneo, if current deforestation rates continue, is projected to decline from 50% to less than one-third by 2020 (Rautner 2005). A more recent analysis of deforestation risk predicts that by 2020 37% of the remaining forest in Borneo will have a greater than 25% risk of being deforested and that approximately 13% of Borneo’s forests (an area of 11,167 km²) will have a greater than 50% chance of being lost (Macdonald et al. in prep. a). This deforestation will not only reduce the area of available habitat for the Sunda Clouded Leopard but it is also likely to increase the fragmentation of its populations. In a modelling analysis of the likely impacts of this deforestation, Macdonald et al. (in prep. b) predict that between 2010 and 2020 the percentage of the landscape connected by dispersal in Borneo will decrease by over 60% and that this could lead to both a large reduction in the Sunda Clouded Leopard numbers and also a significant reduction in the potential gene flow between populations. Increased fragmentation of Clouded Leopard habitat may also be resulting in an increased risk of disease in some populations due to exposure to pathogens present in feral cat and dog populations. One study in Sabah found seropositive findings for canine parvovirus and/or distemper virus in feral cats and dogs, Malay Civets (Viverra tangalunga) and Common Palm Civets (Paradoxurus hermaphroditus) living sympatrically with Sunda Clouded Leopards (Nájera et al. in prep).

Poaching, either directly through the use of snares, or through the reduction of prey availability by the poaching of game species, poses a significant threat, both in Sumatra (Holden et al. 2001) and Borneo (Rabinowitz et al. 1987, Wilting et al. 2006, Cheyne et al. 2013).

Habitats préférentiels (classification IUCN)

1_6Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland★
1_9Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane★
1_7Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Mangrove Vegetation Above High Tide Level
1_8Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Swamp

Mesures de conservation recommandéesStratégies de conservation IUCNExpert

The Sunda Clouded Leopard is currently listed under CITES Appendix I (as Neofelis nebulosa), and warrants full listing under N. diardi. The species is fully protected in Sumatra and Kalimantan (Indonesia), Sabah and Sarawak (Malaysia), and Brunei. It occurs in most protected areas along the Sumatran mountain spine, and in most of the larger protected areas on Borneo, though maintaining or re-establishing connectivity among protected areas (e.g. via habitat corridors) remains a critical conservation priority for the species. The Sunda Clouded Leopard has been the subject of increased research in recent years, but it remains one of the least studied of the world’s Pantherine felids, hampering the development of conservation actions. It is essential, therefore, to gain an understanding of this species’ distribution, abundance, and responses to anthropogenic modification, particularly in Sumatra, and also in Kalimantan, Sarawak and Brunei. Data on the distribution and abundance of this species in Sabah has improved greatly in recent years, and it remains essential to monitor the population over time. A detailed study of the Sunda Clouded Leopard’s basic ecology, including its diet and dispersal abilities is currently underway in Sabah. The threat posed by illegal hunting of this species, and the potential trade routes remain unclear, and should be the focus of research throughout its range.

Actions de conservation (11)Conservation Actions Classification Scheme — IUCNExpert

1_1Site/area protection
2_1Site/area management
3_1_1Harvest management
3_1_2Trade management
3_4_1Captive breeding/artificial propagation
3_4_2Genome resource bank
4_2Training
4_3Awareness & communications
5_4_1International level
5_4_2National level
5_4_3Sub-national level

Stress écologiques (15)Stresses Classification — IUCNExpert

1_1Ecosystem conversion
1_1Ecosystem conversion
1_1Ecosystem conversion
1_1Ecosystem conversion
1_1Ecosystem conversion
1_1Ecosystem conversion
1_2Ecosystem degradation
1_2Ecosystem degradation
1_2Ecosystem degradation
1_2Ecosystem degradation
1_2Ecosystem degradation
1_2Ecosystem degradation
1_2Ecosystem degradation
2_1Species mortality
2_1Species mortality

Usage & commerce (3)Use & Trade — IUCNExpert

10Wearing apparel, accessories
internationalnationalsubsistance
11Other household goods
internationalnationalsubsistance
16Establishing ex-situ production *

Priorités de recherche (8)Research Needed Classification — IUCNExpert

1_1Taxonomy
1_2Population size, distribution & trends
1_3Life history & ecology
1_4Harvest, use & livelihoods
1_5Threats
1_6Actions
2_1Species Action/Recovery Plan
3_1Population trends

Niche IUCN globaleRealms · Systems · LMEs · Growth forms · FAOs — biogéographie IUCNExpert

Royaumes biogéographiques

Indomalayan

Systèmes (terrestre/eau douce/marin)

Terrestrial

Références bibliographiques (30)Sources scientifiques de l'évaluation IUCNExpert

Macdonald, E.A., Cushman, S.A., Landguth, E.L., Hearn, A.J., Malhi, Y., and Macdonald, D.W. In prep B. Clouded leopard population connectivity and gene flow in the landscape: the past, present and future.
Macdonald, E.A., Cushman, S.A., Landguth, E.L., Malhi, Y., and Macdonald, D.W. In prep A. Patterns and predictions of deforestation risk in Borneo.
Nájera, F., Hearn, A.J., Evans, M.N., Guerrero-Sánchez, S., Nathan, S.K.S.S., de Gaspar, I., Revuelta, L. and Goossens, B. In prep. Serological survey for two canine pathogens in free-ranging and domestic carnivores in the Lower Kinabatangan Wildlife Sanctuary .
IUCN. 2016. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2016-1. Available at: <a href="www.iucnredlist.org">www.iucnredlist.org</a>. (Accessed: 30 June 2016).
McCarthy, J. L., Wibisono, H. T., McCarthy, K. P., Fuller, T. K., & Andayani, N. 2015. Assessing the distribution and habitat use of four felid species in Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park, Sumatra, Indonesia. . Global Ecology and Conservation 3: 210-221.
Brodie, J. F., Giordano, A. J., Zipkin, E. F., Bernard, H., Mohd-Azlan, J. and Ambu. L. 2015. Correlation and persistence of hunting and logging impacts on tropical rainforest mammals. . Conservation Biology 29: 110-121.
IUCN. 2015. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2015-4. Available at: <a href="www.iucnredlist.org">www.iucnredlist.org</a>. (Accessed: 19 November 2015).
Mathai, J., Buckingham, L. and Ong, N. 2014. Borneo bay cat and other felids in a logging concession in Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo. Cat News 60: 34-35.
Gaveau, D.L.A., Sloan, S., Molidena, E., Yaen, H., Sheil, D., Abram, N.K., Ancrenaz, M., Nasi, R., Quinones, M., Wielaard., N. and Meijaard, E. 2014. Four decades of forest persistence, clearance and logging on Borneo. PLoS One 9(7): e101654.
Sollmann, R., Linkie, M., Haidir, I. A., & Macdonald, D. W. 2014. Bringing clarity to the clouded leopard Neofelis diardi: first density estimates from Sumatra. Oryx 48(4): 536-539.
Pusparini, W., Wibisono, H.T., Reddy, G.V., Tarmizi, T. and Bharata, P. 2014. Small and medium sized cats in Gunung Leuser National Park, Sumatra, Indonesia. Cat News Special Issue(8): 4-9.
Hearn, A. J., Ross, J., Pamin, D., Bernard, H., Hunter. L., & Macdonald, D. W. 2013. Insights into the spatial and temporal ecology of the Sunda clouded leopard Neofelis diardi. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 61(2): 871-875.
Pacifici, M., Santini, L., Di Marco, M., Baisero, D., Francucci, L., Grottolo Marasini, G., Visconti, P., Rondinini, C. 2013. Generation length for mammals. Nature Conservation 5: 87-94.
Ross, J., Hearn, A. J., Johnson, P. J., & Macdonald, D. W. 2013. Activity patterns and temporal avoidance by prey in response to Sunda clouded leopard predation risk. . Journal of Zoology 290(2): 96-106.
Nájera, F., Bolongon, G., Abram, N., Goossens, B., Ambu, L., Macdonald, D.W, and Hearn, A.J. 2013. Observation of a road-killed Sunda clouded leopard in Malaysian Borneo. . Cat News 58: 42-43.
Cheyne, S. M., Stark, D. J., Limin, S. H., & Macdonald, D. W. 2013. First estimates of population ecology and threats to Sunda clouded leopards Neofelis diardi in a peat-swamp forest, Indonesia. Endangered Species Research 22: 1-9.
Miettinen, J., Shi, C., Tan, W. J., & Liew, S. C. 2012. 2010 land cover map of insular Southeast Asia in 250-m spatial resolution. Remote Sensing Letters 3: 11-20.
Brodie, J. and Giordano, A. J. 2012. Density of the Vulnerable Sunda clouded leopard Neofelis diardi in a protected area in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo. . Oryx 46: 427-430.
Wilting, A., Mohamed, A., Ambu, L. N., Lagan, P., Mannan, S., Hofer, H., & Sollmann, R. 2012. Sunda Clouded Leopard Neofelis diardi density in two used forests in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo. . Oryx 46: 423-426.
Bernard, H. Baking, E.L., Matsubayasi, M., and Ahmad, A.H. 2012. Records of Bornean felids in and around Tabin Wildlife Reserve, Sabah, Malaysia. . Cat News 56: 4-7.
Wilting, A., Christiansen, P., Kitchener, A. C., Kemp, Y. J. M., Ambu, L., & Fickel, J. 2011. Geographical variation in and evolutionary history of the Sunda clouded leopard (Neofelis diardi) (Mammalia: Carnivora: Felidae) with the description of a new subspecies from Borneo. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 58: 317-328.
Cheyne, S.M. and Macdonald, D.W. 2011. Wild felid diversity and activity patterns in Sabangau peat-swamp forest, Indonesian Borneo. Oryx 45: 119-124.
Morino, L. 2010. Clouded leopard predation on a wild juvenile siamang. Folia Primatologica 81: 362-368.
Ross, J., Hearn, A. J., Bernard, H., Secoy, K., & Macdonald, D. W. 2010. A framework for a Wild Cat Action Plan for Sabah. Global Canopy Programme, Oxford, UK.
Mohamed, A., Samejima, H., and Wilting, A. 2009. Records of five Bornean cat species from Deramakot Forest Reserve in Sabah, Malaysia. . Cat News 51: 14-17.
Ridout, M. S., & Linkie, M. 2009. Estimating overlap of daily activity patterns from camera trap data. Journal of Agricultural, Biological, and Environmental Statistics 14(3): 322-337.
Christiansen, P. 2009. Neotype of Neofelis diardi (Mammalia: Carnivora: Felidae). . Zootaxa 2110: 58-68.
Matsuda, I., Tuuga, A., & Higashi, S. 2008. Clouded leopard (Neofelis diardi) predation on proboscis monkeys (Nasalis larvatus) in Sabah, Malaysia. Primates 49: 227-231.
Christiansen, P. 2008. Species distinction and evolutionary differences in the clouded leopard (Neofelis nebulosa) and Diard’s clouded leopard (Neofelis diardi). . Journal of Mammology 89: 1435–1446.
Gordon, C. H. and Stewart, A.-M. E. 2007. The use of logging roads by clouded leopards. Cat News 47: 12-13.

Évaluateurs & contributeurs (3)Personnes ayant contribué à l'évaluation IUCNExpert

assessor

Hearn, A., Ross, J., Brodie, J., Cheyne, S., Haidir, I.A., Loken, B., Mathai, J., Wilting, A. & McCarthy, J.

contributor

Sanderson, J. & Sunarto, S.

evaluator

Nowell, K., Hunter, L., Duckworth, J.W., Breitenmoser-Würsten, C., Lanz, T. & Breitenmoser, U.

⚠ 1 erratum publié après l'évaluation.

Hearn, A., Ross, J., Brodie, J., Cheyne, S., Haidir, I.A., Loken, B., Mathai, J., Wilting, A. & McCarthy, J. 2015. Neofelis diardi (errata version published in 2016). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T136603A97212874. Accessed on 05 May 2026.