Little Tiger Cat

Leopardus tigrinus(Schreber, 1775)

Animal

VULR Monde (IUCN)

1 photo · Licences CC (Wikimedia Commons / iNaturalist)Click pour agrandir

Description

félidé d'Amérique centrale et d'Amérique du Sud

Source : Wikidata

Filtrer le graphe par contexte spatialPays · région · aire protégée · écorégion · biome

Chargement du graphe…

Indicateurs du réseau écologique

Comment lire ce graphe

Ce graphe représente les interactions écologiques documentées entre Leopardus tigrinus et d'autres espèces, à partir de la base GloBI (Global Biotic Interactions, agrégation mondiale de la littérature scientifique) — source principale, complétée par d'autres jeux de données d'interactions agrégés par Ontologia. Il faut le comprendre comme une carte du savoir documenté, pas une carte de la réalité écologique exhaustive.

Limites principales

Incomplet. La majorité des interactions écologiques en milieu naturel n'ont jamais été publiées. Une espèce sans liens visibles n'est pas isolée — elle est probablement mal étudiée.
Biais publication pharmaco-agronomique. La littérature des interactions est polarisée par les enjeux économiques et sanitaires : parasitism / pathogen sur-pondéré sur les mammifères (recherche zoonoses, vecteurs), herbivory sur-pondéré sur les insectes phytophages (entomologie agronomique). À l'inverse, mutualisms, commensalisms et interactions sol/microbiote sont sous-cités. Conseil de lecture : sur les hubs mammifères ou les insectes ravageurs de culture, lire les arêtes parasitism / herbivory dominantes relativement au contexte de littérature, pas comme une mesure d'intensité écologique brute. Détails §10.1.
Biaisé vers les espèces étudiées. Quelques espèces (oiseaux communs, abeille mellifère, espèces modèles) concentrent disproportionnellement plus d'interactions documentées. Notre score composite ajoute un malus aux hubs de littérature pour atténuer cette dominance visuelle.
Interactions documentées globalement. Toutes les espèces affichées sont observées en France métropolitaine (les observations sont filtrées sur le territoire métropolitain), mais les interactions entre elles proviennent de la littérature scientifique mondiale. Une interaction documentée à l'étranger peut ne pas se réaliser à l'identique sur votre territoire. Le filtre « restreindre à ma commune » tient compte de la co-occurrence spatiale locale mais ne garantit pas l'interaction effective.
Sans dimension temporelle. Les variations saisonnières (migration, floraison, cycle de vie) ne sont pas modélisées.
Force d'interaction approximative. L'épaisseur des liens reflète le nombre de fois où l'interaction a été rapportée dans la littérature, pas son importance écologique réelle.

Comment nous sélectionnons les espèces affichées

Le graphe affiche au plus 31 nœuds par fiche (1 centre + 15 bulles depth=1 + 15 partenaires depth=2). Le serveur sélectionne intelligemment :

Bulles famille créées si une cascade taxonomique existe ou si ≥3 espèces directement documentées partagent une même famille — les espèces sont absorbées dans la bulle (pas de doublon visuel)
Espèces individuelles uniquement quand <3 dans une famille (sans cascade) — relations directes documentées
Pas d'espèces inférées affichées en doublon — les cascades sont représentées via les bulles famille uniquement
Partenaires depth=2 sélectionnés via algo priorité : candidat partagé par ≥2 docs de la famille (food web central) → reliant entre bulles → top sum_obs en dernier recours
Sous-types GloBI traduits en français au survol de la flèche (chasse, parasite, parasitoïde, mycorhize…)

Le toggle Profondeur 1 ↔ 2 client-side cache ou affiche les partenaires depth=2 sans refetch. Filtres règne, type d'interaction, ordres/familles, patrimoniales et commune recalculent côté serveur (slow path live ~1-2 s).

Indicateurs avancés (mode expert) : Modularité Q (Newman 2006, PNAS), communautés (Louvain, Blondel et al. 2008, J. Stat. Mech.), nestedness NODF (Almeida-Neto et al. 2008, Oikos).

Source : GloBI · TAXREF v18 (INPN/MNHN) · BDC-Statuts · Wikidata

83 partenaires écologiques documentés directement dans GloBI.

Partenaires

Espèces avec interactions documentées

Types d'interactions

Prédation, pollinisation, parasitisme…

Connectance

0.067

Densité des liens dans le sous-graphe affiché

Rang animalia

96 %

Percentile vs ensemble des animalia

Liste rouge IUCN

VU · Vulnérablecritères A2c↘Décroissante

Évaluation complète

Évaluation: 2016 · v3.1
Altitude: 0 – 3626 m
Profondeur: – m

État de la populationTexte officiel évaluation IUCNExpert

Relative abundance and estimated population densities vary greatly, and the northern Leopardus tigrinus is less abundant than the southern Leopardus guttulus and also the rarest of the tropical species of Neotropical cat (Oliveira 2011). Leopardus tigrinus is rare everywhere, including their reported habitats to date: Andean montane and cloud forests, Central American forests, Amazon forests, Rupununi Savannahs and, Brazil’s Cerrado and Caatinga domains (Moreno et al. 2011, Oliveira 2011, Payán and Gonzalez-Maya 2011, Oliveira et al. 2013). In the Amazon, density is very low, expected at approximately 0.01/100 km². Camera-trap surveys in other portions of its range indicate that the species generally occurs in densities between 1-5/100 km² or lower (Oliveira et al. 2010, 2013). In Central America the species rarely shows up in camera traps even where they are known to occur, suggesting that they either avoid traps or are naturally rare and elusive in that area (Schipper pers. comm.). A similar trend is also found in several areas in Brazil, where authors found it in most areas in intrinsically low numbers, and apparently those numbers are not owed to camera-trap shyness (Oliveira pers. comm.). The species was absent from all extensive camera-trap studies in the llanos of Colombia and all of the Amazon, depicting its extreme rarity there (Oliveira, Payán pers. comm.). The Northern Tiger Cat is negatively impacted by Ocelot numbers and does not seem to attain effective population size for long term persistence in any Conservation Unit possibly due to the “Ocelot effect” (Oliveira et al. 2010, Oliveira 2011). It seems that where Ocelots are rare or absent the average population density of tiger cats ranges from 5-20 ind./100 km² but expected to be much lower than 5/100 km² where Ocelots are present (high density estimates, ca. 20/100 km², are obtained only in very few and isolated areas) (Oliveira et al. 2010, Oliveira 2011). Leopardus tigrinus is classified as Vulnerable in Colombia (MAVDT 2005, Rodriguez-Mahecha et al. 2006) and as Endangered in Brazil (IBAMA/MMA 2014). The estimated species area of occupancy (AOO) for subspecies L. t. tigrinus and L. t. pardinoides was estimated from 893,200 to 1,020,800 km² of the total current available habitat (Oliveira et al. submitted, Payán and Gonzalez-Maya 2011). This includes applying a 20–30% reduction to compensate for inclusion of tiny fragments (which were considerable in many areas) (IBAMA/MMA 2011 a,b). Extrapolated population estimation based on the above distribution estimates and also estimated densities (0.01/km²), results in an expected total population size ranging from 8,932 to 10,208 adult individuals. Decline based on deforestation rates of the species’ habitat is certainly above 10% over the next decades (Morton et al. 2006, Mulligan 2010, Garavito et al. 2012). It seems that the savannahs of Mirador State Park and the complex of protected areas around Nascentes do Rio Parnaíba National Park in the Brazilian mid-north and the Andean protected areas in Colombia are the most important areas for the species conservation (Oliveira et al. 2008, 2014; Payán and Gonzalez-Maya 2011).

Menaces identifiées(16 menaces classées CMP-IUCN)

1_1
Housing & urban areas
Ongoing
1_2
Commercial & industrial areas
Ongoing
2_1_3
Agro-industry farming
Ongoing
2_2_2
Agro-industry plantations
Ongoing
2_3_3
Agro-industry grazing, ranching or farming
Ongoing
3_2
Mining & quarrying
Ongoing
4_1
Roads & railroads
Ongoing
5_1_1
Intentional use (species is the target)
Ongoing
5_1_2
Unintentional effects (species is not the target)
Ongoing
5_1_3
Persecution/control
Ongoing

+ 6 menaces supplémentaires

Description complète des menacesTexte détaillé évaluation IUCNExpert

The Tiger Cats were heavily exploited for the fur trade decades ago, following the decline of the Ocelot trade (Payan and Trujillo 2006). Although international trade ceased, there is still some localized illegal hunting, usually for the domestic market. Current threats to this species include habitat loss, fragmentation, disease, road-kill, illegal trade (pets and pelts), retaliatory killing due to depredation of poultry (Oliveira et al. 2008, 2013; Payán and Gonzalez-Maya 2011; Diaz-Pulido et al. 2013; Marinho 2015). By and large, the greatest threat is the rampant rate of habitat loss, fragmentation and isolation. In the Andes cloud forests deforestation is mostly due to conversion to agriculture but also includes oil, hydroelectric dams, urban sprawl and road building (Payán and Gonzalez-Maya 2011, CI 2012). In the Brazilian Cerrado and Caatinga, suppression to agriculture is by far the main threat. In these domains the rate is actually higher in the area called MATOPIBA (the states of Maranhão, Tocantins, Piauí and Bahia), where it is twice as high as in the other parts of the country and which also comprises the main and most important area for the species (IBAMA/MMA 2011a, b; Oliveira 2011). Thus, populations in the core range area of Leopardus tigrinus range are getting ever increasingly reduced and fragmented. Change in native species dynamics (predator/competitor) could represent another previously undetected potential threat (Oliveira 2011, Oliveira et al. 2013). Hybridization with Pampas cat in all of northeast and central Brazil (the main range area for L. t. tigrinus) was detected in 100% of all specimens evaluated. This may be a natural or anthropogenic process and the extent of this as a threat is unknown (Trigo et al. 2013a), but would probably already compromise about 70-80% of the entire species population, or even more. This high level of hybridization is unheard of for any extant cat species.

Habitats préférentiels (classification IUCN)

1_9Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane★
3_6Shrubland - Subtropical/Tropical Moist★
1_6Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland

Mesures de conservation recommandéesStratégies de conservation IUCNExpert

Included on CITES Appendix I. Hunting of the species is prohibited in Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, French Guiana, Suriname and Venezuela (Nowell and Jackson 1996). In the Amazon, field records suggest that, where found, populations are extremely low - therefore these areas should not be perceived to be safeguards for the species as it is for other felids (Oliveira 2004). It is likely that the species presents only a marginal distribution there (Oliveira unp. data). Populations in protected areas are expected to be very low, probably because of the impact of higher Ocelot (L. pardalis) densities, so that conservation of Northern Tiger Cat populations should rely mostly on private lands (Oliveira et al. 2010, Oliveira 2011). It has been estimated that possibly only one complex of protected areas could maintain in isolation a minimum viable population of this species (Oliveira et al. 2008, Payán and Gonzalez-Maya 2011). Further studies are required on the species' ecology, demographics, natural history, and threats. This species needs to be evaluated at the subspecies level due to genetic diversity within the species. A reassessment on the taxonomy of this species is an urgent research priority as the northern portion of the population might be a distinct species (IUCN Cats Red List workshop 2007).

Actions de conservation (10)Conservation Actions Classification Scheme — IUCNExpert

1_1Site/area protection
1_2Resource & habitat protection
2_1Site/area management
2_3Habitat & natural process restoration
3_2Species recovery
3_3_1Reintroduction
3_4_1Captive breeding/artificial propagation
3_4_2Genome resource bank
5_4_2National level
5_4_3Sub-national level

Stress écologiques (25)Stresses Classification — IUCNExpert

1_1Ecosystem conversion
1_1Ecosystem conversion
1_1Ecosystem conversion
1_1Ecosystem conversion
1_1Ecosystem conversion
1_1Ecosystem conversion
1_1Ecosystem conversion
1_1Ecosystem conversion
1_2Ecosystem degradation
1_2Ecosystem degradation
1_2Ecosystem degradation
1_2Ecosystem degradation
1_2Ecosystem degradation
1_2Ecosystem degradation
1_2Ecosystem degradation
1_2Ecosystem degradation
1_2Ecosystem degradation
1_2Ecosystem degradation
1_2Ecosystem degradation
2_1Species mortality
2_1Species mortality
2_1Species mortality
2_1Species mortality
2_1Species mortality
2_3_1Hybridisation

Usage & commerce (4)Use & Trade — IUCNExpert

10Wearing apparel, accessories
nationalsubsistance
11Other household goods
nationalsubsistance
12Handicrafts, jewellery, etc.
nationalsubsistance
13Pets/display animals, horticulture
nationalsubsistance

Priorités de recherche (7)Research Needed Classification — IUCNExpert

1_1Taxonomy
1_2Population size, distribution & trends
1_3Life history & ecology
1_5Threats
1_6Actions
2_1Species Action/Recovery Plan
3_1Population trends

Niche IUCN globaleRealms · Systems · LMEs · Growth forms · FAOs — biogéographie IUCNExpert

Royaumes biogéographiques

Neotropical

Systèmes (terrestre/eau douce/marin)

Terrestrial

Références bibliographiques (30)Sources scientifiques de l'évaluation IUCNExpert

Oliveira, T.G. de, Mazim F.D., Kasper, C.B., Tortato, M.A., Soares, J.B.G. and Marques, R.V. Submitted. Small Neotropical felids density in Brazil: a preliminary demographic assessment of the little known species. Biological Conservation.
IUCN. 2016. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2016-2. Available at: <a href="www.iucnredlist.org">www.iucnredlist.org</a>. (Accessed: 04 September 2016).
Marinho, P. H. D. 2015. O gato-do-mato-pequeno (Leopardus tigrinus) na Caatinga: ocupação e padrão de atividade de um felídeo ameaçado e pouco conhecido na floresta tropical seca do nordeste brasileiro. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte.
Oliveira, T.G.de, Vieira, O.Q., Cavalcanti, G.N. et al. 2014. Mamíferos. In Programa de monitoramento de fauna e flora do Parque Estadual do Mirador: Pró-Vida Brasil/SEMA. Technical report.
IBAMA (Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e Recursos Naturais Renováveis)/MMA (Ministério do Meio Ambiente). 2014. Portaria MMA Nº444, De 17 De Dezembro de 2014.
Trigo, T.C., Tirelli, F.P., Machado, L.F., Peters, F.B., Indrusiak, C.B., Mazim, F.D., Sana, D., Eizirik, E. and Freitas, T.R.O. 2013b. Geographic distribution and food habits of Leopardus tigrinus and L. geoffroyi (Carnivora, Felidae) at their geographic contact zone in southern Brazil. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment 48: 56-67.
Trigo, T.C., Schneider, A., de Oliveira,T.G., Lehugeur, L.M., Silveira, L., Freitas, T.R.O. and Eizirik, E. 2013a. Molecular data reveal complex hybridization and a cryptic species of Neotropical wild cat. Current Biology 23(24): 2528–2533.
Diaz-Pulido, A., Payán, E. & Castaño, C. 2013. Introducción. In: Payan, E. and Castaño, C. (eds), Grandes Felinos de Colombia, pp. 1-12. Panthera Colombia, Conservación Internacional Colombia, Fundación Herencia Ambiental Caribe y Cat Specialist Group UICN/SSC, Bogotá.
Pacifici, M., Santini, L., Di Marco, M., Baisero, D., Francucci, L., Grottolo Marasini, G., Visconti, P. and Rondinini, C. 2013. Generation length for mammals. Nature Conservation 5: 87–94.
Oliveira, T.G. de, Tortato, M.A, Almeida, L. B. de, Campos, C.B. and Beisiegel, B.M. 2013. Avaliação do risco de extinção do gato-do-mato Leopardus tigrinus no Brasil. Biodiversidade Brasileira 31: 56-65.
Conservation International (CI). 2012. Biological diversity in the Tropical Andes. Available at: <a href="http://www.eoearth.org/view/article/150650">http://www.eoearth.org/view/article/150650</a>.
Garavito, N. T., Álvarez, E., Caro, S. A., Murakami, A. A., Blundo, C., Espinoza, T. B., Cuadros, M. L. T., Gaviria, J., Gutíerrez, N. and Jørgensen, P. 2012. Evaluación del estado de conservación de los bosques montanos en los Andes tropicales. Revista Ecosistemas 21.
IBAMA (Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e Recursos Naturais Renováveis)/MMA (Ministério do Meio Ambiente). 2011b. Monitoramento do desmatamento dos biomas brasileiros por satélite: monitoramento do bioma Caatinga 2008-2009.
IBAMA (Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e Recursos Naturais Renováveis)/MMA (Ministério do Meio Ambiente). 2011a. Monitoramento do desmatamento dos biomas brasileiros por satélite: monitoramento do bioma Cerrado 2009-2010.
Payán, E. and Gonzalez-Maya, J. F. 2011. Distribución geográfica de la Oncilla (Leopardus tigrinus) en Colombia e implicaciones para su conservación. . Revista Latinoamericana de Conservación 2: 51-59.
Hunter, L and Barrett, P. 2011. Carnivores of the World. Princeton Univ Press.
Moreno, R., Bustamante, A. and Artavia, A. 2011. Resporte Especial de Especies Importantes en el Parque Nacional Darién, Panamá. Mesoamericana 15: 134.
Oliveira, T.G. de. 2011. Ecologia e conservação de pequenos felinos no Brasil e suas implicações para o manejo. PhD dissertation, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais.
Oliveira, T.G. de, Tortato, M.A., Silveira, L., Kasper, C.B., Mazim, F.D., Lucherini, M. Jácomo, A.T., Soares, J.B.G., Marques, R.V. and Sunquist, M. 2010. Ocelot ecology and its effect in the small-felid guild in the lowland Neotropics. In: D.W. Macdonald and A. Loveridge (eds), Biology and Conservation of Wild Felids, pp. 563-584. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Mulligan, M. 2010. Modeling the tropics-wide extent and distribution of cloud forest and cloud forest loss, with implications for conservation priority. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
Nascimento, F. O. d. 2010. Revisão taxonômica do gênero Leopardus Gray, 1842 (Carnivora, Felidae). Universidade de São Paulo.
González-Maya, J.F. and Schipper, J. 2008. A high-elevation report of oncilla in Mesoamerica. Cat News 49: 33.
Oliveira, T.G. de, Kasper, C.B., Tortato, M.A., Marques, R.V., Mazim, F.D. and Soares, J.B.G. 2008. Aspectos ecológicos de Leopardus tigrinus e outros felinos de pequeno-médio porte no Brasil. In: T.G. de Oliveira (ed.), Plano de ação para conservação de Leopardus tigrinus no Brasil, Instituto Pró-Carnívoros/Fundo Nacional do Meio Ambiente, Atibaia, SP, Brazil.
Trigo, T.C., Freitas, T.R.O., Kunzler, G., Cardoso, L., Silva, J.C.R., Johnson, W.E., O’Brien, S.J., Bonatto, S.L. and Eizirik, E. 2008. Inter-species hybridization among Neotropical cats of the genus Leopardus, and evidence for an introgressive hybrid zone between L. geoffroyi and L. tigrinus in southern Brazil. Molecular Ecology 17: 4317-4333.
Payán, E., Quiceno, M. P. and Franco, A. M. 2007. Los felinos como especies focales y de alto valor cultural. Serie Especies Colombianas 7. Instituto Alexander von Humboldt, Bogota, Colombia.
Eizirik, E., Trigo, T.C. and Haag, T. 2007. Conservation genetics and molecular ecology of Neotropical felids. In: J. Hughes and R. Mercer (eds), Felid Biology and Conservation Conference 17-19 September: Abstracts, pp. 40-41. WildCRU, Oxford, UK.
Morton, D. C., DeFries, R. S., Shimabukuro, Y. E., Anderson, L. O., Arai, E., del Bon Espirito-Santo, F., Freitas, R. and Morisette, J. 2006. Cropland expansion changes deforestation dynamics in the southern Brazilian Amazon. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103: 14637-14641.
Payán, E. and Trujillo, L. A. 2006. The Tigrilladas in Colombia. Cat News 44: 25-28.
Rodriguez-Mahecha, J.V., Alberico, M., Trujillo, F. and Jorgenson, J. 2006. Libro Rojo de los Mamíferos de Colombia. Serie Libros Rojos de Especies Amenazadas de Colombia. Conservación Internacional Colombia & Ministerio de Ambiente, vivienda y Desarrollo Territorial, Bogota, Colombia.
Oliveira, T.G. de and Cassaro, K. 2005. Guia de campo dos felinos do Brasil. Instituto Pró-Carnívoros/Fundação Parque Zoológico de São Paulo/Sociedade de Zoológicos do Brasil/Pró-Vida Brasil, São Paulo.

Évaluateurs & contributeurs (3)Personnes ayant contribué à l'évaluation IUCNExpert

assessor

Payan, E. & de Oliveira, T.

contributor

Moreno, R., Salom, R., Eizirik, E., Gomez, V. & Panelli de Castro Meira , L.

evaluator

Nowell, K., Hunter, L., Schipper, J., Breitenmoser-Würsten, C., Lanz, T. & Breitenmoser, U.

Payan, E. & de Oliveira, T. 2016. Leopardus tigrinus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T54012637A50653881. Accessed on 05 May 2026.

Traits biologiques

20 valeurs · 6 sources

Morphologie(4)

Masse adulte: 2,25 kg; AnAge
Longueur: -999 mm; PanTHERIA
Masse naissance: -999000 mg; PanTHERIA
Masse au sevrage: -999000 mg; PanTHERIA

Cycle de vie(1)

Longévité max: 22 ans; AnAge

Voir 15 traits de plus (2 catégories)

Reproduction(6)

Sevrage: 1,8 mois; AnAge
Taille de portée: 2; AnAge
Portées par an: -999; PanTHERIA
Gestation: 2,5 mois; AnAge
Intervalle naissances: -999 j; PanTHERIA
Maturité sexuelle: -999 j; PanTHERIA

Écologie & habitat(9)

Invertébrés (%): 0 %; elton_mammals
Graines (%): 0 %; elton_mammals
Fruits (%): 0 %; elton_mammals
Nectar (%): 0 %; elton_mammals
Charognard (%): 0 %; elton_mammals
Poissons (%): 0 %; elton_mammals
Autre végétal (%): 0 %; elton_mammals
Vert. ectothermes (%): 0 %; elton_mammals
Vert. endothermes (%): 100 %; elton_mammals

Sources priorisées par qualité scientifique (peer-reviewed spécialisées → Wikidata fallback). Unités auto-converties, valeur max retenue en cas de mesures multiples. Méthodologie · Citations.