Eastern Cape Blue Cycad

Encephalartos horridus(Jacq.) Lehm.

Plante

ENLR Monde (IUCN)

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Filtrer le graphe par contexte spatialPays · région · aire protégée · écorégion · biome

Graphe en cours d’indexation

Calcul du tissu écologique de Encephalartos horridus.

Le graphe apparaîtra automatiquement dès que le calcul est terminé (rafraîchissement toutes les 5s).

Liste rouge IUCN

EN · En dangercritères A2acd+4acd↘Décroissante

Évaluation complète

Évaluation: 2022 · v3.1
Altitude: 100 – 400 m
Profondeur: – m

État de la populationTexte officiel évaluation IUCNExpert

The exact number of plants is unknown. Although several subpopulations have been visited regularly, there may be many unknown plants in the dense bush where Encephalartos horridus occurs. There is evidence of substantial poaching in the last 10 years leading to decline in subpopulations that were previously regarded as stable. For example, a subpopulation that was regularly monitored showed no decline from 1988 to 2008 but >50% decline from 2008 to 2016.

Menaces identifiées(3 menaces classées CMP-IUCN)

5_2_1
Intentional use (species is the target)
Rapid DeclinesMajority (50-90%)Ongoing
1_1
Housing & urban areas
Very Rapid DeclinesMinority (<50%)Past, Unlikely to Return
1_2
Commercial & industrial areas
Ongoing

Description complète des menacesTexte détaillé évaluation IUCNExpert

Encephalartos horridus is now extinct in several parts of its former range where it has been totally eliminated by urban development. Substantial numbers have also been removed by collectors in the past 50 years. It is difficult to estimate what proportion of plants have disappeared but it could be as high as 50% and with further investigation it may be substantially more.

Habitats préférentiels (classification IUCN)

3_5Shrubland - Subtropical/Tropical Dry
3_8Shrubland - Mediterranean-type Shrubby Vegetation
6Rocky areas (eg. inland cliffs, mountain peaks)

Mesures de conservation recommandéesStratégies de conservation IUCNExpert

This species is listed in Appendix I of the CITES Appendices. Subpopulations are protected in the Springs Local Authority Nature Reserve near Uitenhage and on several private game reserves. However this protection has proven to be ineffective as many plants have been removed. Identification of further suitable sites for the formal protection of this species is needed. Long-term monitoring of subpopulations will support the conservation of this species.

Actions de conservation (3)Conservation Actions Classification Scheme — IUCNExpert

1_1Site/area protection
1_2Resource & habitat protection
4_3Awareness & communications

Stress écologiques (5)Stresses Classification — IUCNExpert

1_1Ecosystem conversion
1_1Ecosystem conversion
1_2Ecosystem degradation
1_2Ecosystem degradation
2_1Species mortality

Usage & commerce (2)Use & Trade — IUCNExpert

13Pets/display animals, horticulture
internationalnational
16Establishing ex-situ production *
national

Priorités de recherche (3)Research Needed Classification — IUCNExpert

1_2Population size, distribution & trends
1_3Life history & ecology
3_1Population trends

Niche IUCN globaleRealms · Systems · LMEs · Growth forms · FAOs — biogéographie IUCNExpert

Royaumes biogéographiques

Afrotropical

Systèmes (terrestre/eau douce/marin)

Terrestrial

Formes de croissance

CycadShrub - small

Références bibliographiques (5)Sources scientifiques de l'évaluation IUCNExpert

IUCN. 2023. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2023-1. Available at: <a href="www.iucnredlist.org">www.iucnredlist.org</a>. (Accessed: 07 December 2023).
IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. Available at: <a href="www.iucnredlist.org">www.iucnredlist.org</a>. (Accessed: 21 July 2022).
Okubamichael, D.Y., Jack, S., Bösenberg, J.D., Hoffman, M.T. and Donaldson, J.S. 2016. Repeat photography confirms alarming decline in South African cycads. Biodiversity and Conservation 25: 2153–2170.
Donaldson, J.S. 1995. Understanding cycad life histories- an essential basis for conservation. In: Donaldson, J.S. (ed.), Cycad Conservation in South Africa- Issues, actions and priorities, pp. 8-13. Cycad Society of South Africa.
Kemp, M. 1986. Focus on Encephalartos horridus. Encephalartos 7: 8-13.

Évaluateurs & contributeurs (3)Personnes ayant contribué à l'évaluation IUCNExpert

assessor

Bösenberg, J.D.

contributor

Donaldson, J.S.

evaluator

Donaldson, J.S.

⚠ 1 erratum publié après l'évaluation.

Bösenberg, J.D. 2022. Encephalartos horridus (errata version published in 2023). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2022: e.T41905A243427216. Accessed on 05 May 2026.